History of the emergence and development of cellular communications. LTE is a new milestone in the development of mobile communications. Transforming “mobile” communications into truly mobile ones

The history of telephony is interesting both in terms of invention various devices, and in terms of the stages of deployment of communication networks various types around the world. In some aspects, the dynamics of the spread of relevant technologies seems revolutionary, while in others it is characterized by progressive, uniform development. What are the most noteworthy facts regarding the global industry? telephone communication?

Who invented the telephone?

Traditionally, the history of the telephone is associated with the name of Alexander Bell, an American inventor of Scottish origin. Indeed, the famous researcher took a direct part in the development of a revolutionary apparatus for transmitting sounds over a distance. However, there are known facts that other designers also played a vital role in the creation of the telephone. For example, Johann Philipp Reis, a famous German inventor, at a meeting of scientists of the Physical Society held in 1861, reported on the prototype of an electrical device he had created for transmitting sound over a distance. The name of the invention was also mentioned - “telephone”, which is familiar to us today. Reis' contemporaries, however, received the device without due enthusiasm. But this is the most important fact in the history of the creation of the telephone.

Fifteen years later, two American researchers, Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell, working independently, discovered the effect of telephoning. Both scientists, interestingly, on the same day, namely February 14, 1876, filed an application to patent their discovery. At the same time, they had not yet developed a functioning device that would use telephony. Presumably, Bell was about 2 hours ahead of Gray in filing the application, and many historians attribute the fact that the history of the creation of the telephone today is associated with the name of the American inventor to this circumstance.

The appearance of the first telephone

Alexander Bell lived in Boston and worked with people with hearing and speech problems. In 1873 he became professor of physiology at Boston University. Due to his occupation, he was probably an expert in the field of acoustics and had excellent hearing.

The history of the first telephone created by Alexander Bell is thus connected with his work. Among the remarkable facts related to the invention of the device is the very effect of telephoning, discovered by the researcher with the direct assistance of his assistant. So, a specialist working with Bell once pulled out a plate from the transmitting device, which, as it seemed to Bell, was making some rattling noise. As the researcher later found out, this was due to the fact that the element periodically closed electrical contacts.

Based on the identified effect, Alexander Bell created a telephone set. It was designed very simply: like a membrane made of leather, equipped with a signal element for magnification. The device could only transmit the sound of a voice, but this, apparently, was enough to patent the device - Bell received the corresponding document recording the authorship of the invention on March 10, 1876 .

The history of telephones is also interesting in terms of their commercial use. A few days later, the inventor modified the telephone so that it could transmit clearly audible individual words. Alexander Bell later showed his device to the business community. The device made an incredible impression on business people. The American inventor soon registered his company, which subsequently became prosperous.

First telephone lines

The history of the telephone is now known to us. But how was Bell’s invention introduced into everyday life? In 1877, also in Boston, the first telephone line was launched, and in 1878, a telephone exchange was launched in New Haven. In the same year, another famous American inventor, Thomas Edison, created new model device for voice transmission at a distance. Its design included induction coil, which made it possible to significantly improve the quality of communication, as well as increase the distance of sound transmission.

Contribution of inventors from Russia

The history of the development of the telephone is also connected with the names of Russian designers. In 1885, Pavel Mikhailovich Golubitsky, an inventor from Russia, developed a fundamentally new scheme operation of a telephone exchange, in which power was supplied to the devices externally - from a central source. Before this, each phone worked from its own electrical outlet. This concept made it possible to create stations that simultaneously serve a huge number of subscribers - tens of thousands. In 1895, the Russian inventor Mikhail Filippovich Freidenberg proposed to the world the concept of a telephone exchange, which involved automatically connecting one subscriber to another. The first operating telephone exchange was introduced in the USA, in the city of Augusta.

Development of communication lines in Russia

The history of the appearance of the telephone in Russia is connected with the construction of a line for the transmission of communications between St. Petersburg and Malaya Vishera. The first conversation between Russian subscribers through this channel took place in 1879, that is, only 3 years after the invention of the telephone. Later, one of the first civilian communication lines connected the Georgievskaya pier, located in Nizhny Novgorod, and apartments that belonged to the management of the Druzhina shipping company. The length of the line was about 1547 m.

On a regular basis, city telephone exchanges- in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and also in Odessa - began to function in 1882. In 1898, an intercity line appeared, connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg. The history of telephones in Russia is interesting because the station that served the communication channel between Moscow and St. Petersburg still exists and operates to this day. It is located on Myasnitskaya Street in the capital of the Russian Federation.

The pace of development of telephony in the Russian Empire was very decent - for example, by 1916, there were an average of 3.7 telephones per 100 residents of Moscow. In 1935, already under the USSR, all Belokamennaya metro stations were equipped with telephones. Starting from 1953, all houses put into operation in the capital of the USSR were required to have a telephone cable.

The history of telephones is fascinating. It's always interesting to study its details. Having learned how wired telephones appeared, let's consider the most remarkable facts regarding the development mobile devices, which today are no less in demand than traditional ones.

How did mobile phones come about?

The first recorded telephone conversation via a radio channel, which, in a number of key characteristics, corresponds to the principles of the organization of modern cellular communications, was held in 1950 in Sweden. Inventor Sture Laugen, who was driving the Televerket company, successfully telephoned the time service using the appropriate type of device. By that time, Sture Lauren had worked for several years at Televerket, developing this device. The history of the phone is also connected with the name of Ragnar Berglund, Lauren's colleague.

Target - mass market

By the time Lauren made the call we mentioned above, telephone radio communication as such was already in use, but it was available only to intelligence services and military structures. The Televerket company has set the task of creating a device accessible to every citizen.

The Swedish development was introduced to the mass market in 1956. At first she worked only in two cities - Stockholm and Gothenburg. During 1956, only 26 subscribers connected to it, which was not surprising due to the high cost of a “mobile phone”, the cost of which was comparable to the price of a car.

Development of mobile communications

History of development mobile phones In a number of ways, it is inferior to the dynamics of the spread of telephone communications. If, for example, already 3 years later, devices created according to the principles of Alexander Bell were actively used in Russia, then for quite a long time mobile phones were not in mass demand.

Only in 1969 did the world leaders of the telecommunications market begin to think that it would be nice to somehow unify the corresponding communication systems. So, for example, it was assumed that each subscriber is like the owners landlines- will have its own number, and it will be relevant not only in the country where it is issued, but also abroad. Thus, we can note that the history of the mobile phone, in fact, from the very beginning, reflects the interest of the engineering community in implementing roaming concepts.

Among the first inventors to propose the practical implementation of a technology for which corresponding requests were generated was Stockholm Technical School graduate Esten Mäkitolo. The history of the creation of a mobile phone in the form we are familiar with is directly related to its name. However, for the practical implementation of the Myakitolo concept, very powerful technologies were required. They appeared only in the early 80s.

First cellular network

The history of cell phones includes a remarkable fact: the first country in which it was deployed was Saudi Arabia. It was there that Ericsson, which actively participated in the practical implementation of the concepts proposed by Myakitolo, entered into a contract in 1981 for the supply of relevant services. The network launched in Saudi Arabia was characterized by the main criterion - mass participation. Gradually, cellular communication standards improved, and networks began to function in other countries of the world.

Development of uniform standards

As the market grows mobile communications There was a growing need to develop uniform standards for the provision of relevant services. In Saudi Arabia, in the Scandinavian countries, in the Benelux, the NMT concept became popular, in Germany the C-Netz system was used, in the UK, France, and Italy their own concepts were implemented.

The emergence of GSM

To integrate the European mobile space, the GSM standard was created. It can be said to have absorbed all the best from other “national” concepts, and therefore, although not without difficulties, it was adopted by the European technological community in 1986. But the first GSM network was introduced only in 1990 in Finland. Subsequently, this standard became the main one for Russian cellular communication providers.

The history of telephones - both regular and cell phones - is incredibly fascinating. But no less interesting is how the relevant technologies are developing. Let's study how cellular communication lines have been improved.

Development of the cellular communications market

In the first years after the introduction of GSM standards into consumer practice, using the corresponding services was very expensive. But gradually the devices needed to work with mobile networks became cheaper and became truly widespread. Phones improved and became smaller in size. In 1996, Nokia introduced, in fact, one of the first smartphones - a device with which you could send mail, faxes, and use the Internet. In the same year, the now legendary StarTac book from Motorola appeared.

Smartphones and mobile Internet

In 1997, Philips released the Spark phone with a very large stock battery life- about 350 hours. In 1998, the Sharp PMC-1 Smartphone mobile device appeared, which has touch display. It was expected that it would be a direct competitor to the above-mentioned gadget from Nokia. In 1999, mobile operators began to introduce WAP technology, which made it easier for subscribers to access mobile internet. In 2000, the GPRS standard appeared, as well as UMTS, one of the main ones used in the architecture of 3G networks.

In 2009, the Swedish company TeliaSonera launched the world's first 4G network. Now it is considered the most modern and is being actively implemented by operators around the world.

Prospects for phones

What will be the next step in the development of the cellular industry? The history of the mobile phone shows that effective, revolutionary solutions can appear at any time. It may seem that the 4G standard is the limit of possibilities modern technologies. It would seem that data transmission at speeds of tens of megabits, excellent communication quality - what could be a level higher?

However, the world's leading research laboratories continue to actively work in the field of improvement mobile technologies. Perhaps, soon in the hands of any willing subscriber there will appear a device as sensational for the modern average person as Bell's telephone was in the 70s of the 19th century, or the device used to call from a car on Sture Lauren. And after a while, people will stop being surprised by him. This incredibly technological industry is so dynamic.

15.09.2011

History of the formation and development of mobile communications in Russia and the world

When I started to think about the idea for an article about the past of cellular communications, the first thing that came to mind was a story that happened on April 3, 1973. It was on this day that Martin Cooper, head of the mobile communications division of the American company Motorola, made the world's first call on a mobile phone. And it is this date that is considered the birthday of mobile communications in the form in which we are all accustomed to it. But it all started much earlier.

When people talk about the history of cellular communications, the first thing that comes to mind is April 3, 1973. It was on this day that Martin Cooper, head of the mobile communications division of the American company Motorola, made the world's first call on a mobile phone. And now it is considered the birthday of mobile communications in the form to which we are accustomed. But her story began much earlier.

The beginning of the way

Probably the first and most important date in the history of mobile communications should be considered May 7, 1895, when the famous Russian scientist Alexander Stepanovich Popov demonstrated a device designed for recording electromagnetic waves. Interestingly, Popov initially did not plan to create any means of radio communication, but rather developed a “lightning detector,” a device for recording lightning. But, in fact, Popov’s device became the world’s first radio receiver, the signal source for which was lightning discharges. Later, in September 1895, instead of a metrological recorder, Popov connected a Morse telegraph apparatus to his “lightning detector”, which brought him even closer to a means for wireless transmission information.

The next step towards mobile communications was the wireless telegraph sessions conducted by Guglielmo Marconi. Moreover, if in 1896 information was transmitted over a distance of several kilometers, then by the end of 1901 Marconi’s message was received on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. The fact that Marconi had a commercial spirit also played a role, thanks to which the technology he developed became commercially successful, and the Marconi and Co. company became famous throughout the world.

Popov’s “lightning detector” is the device that started
wireless radio

No less important was the transition from the use of abstract “dots and dashes” to the transmission of a living human voice. For radio engineering researchers of those years, this was one of the most pressing problems, in the process of solving which hundreds of studies were carried out and dozens of patents were obtained. But the greatest success was achieved by Reginald Fessenden, who in 1900 first transmitted his voice over a radio channel, and by 1903 he achieved quite acceptable quality. The date of “mobilization” of wireless radio communication was 1901, when Marconi installed a transceiver device on a Tonicroft steam car.

This is what the first car looked like
equipped with a mobile radio communication system

The next key year was 1921, when the world's first mobile telegraph dispatch system, designed for the needs of local police, was launched in Detroit, America. The exchange of information was one-way - having received a signal (in Morse code), the police contacted the station by regular telephone. In fact, the system built in Detroit was a prototype of paging communications, already forgotten by many. Two-way mobile radio communication for police assistance appeared in 1933 in New York. Moreover, it was no longer telegraph, but voice, although operating in half-duplex mode, i.e. To switch between receiving and transmitting, you had to press a button.

America and Europe

Mobile radio communications first became available to private customers on June 17, 1946, when AT&T and Bell Telephone Laboratories launched an MTS network operating at a frequency of 150 MHz in St. Louis, Missouri. The principle of operation of the MTS network differed from modern mobile communications - to cover a certain territory, one powerful transmitter, and to register the signal from subscriber devices - a network of receivers. The call to the MTS network was carried out in manual mode– first, the subscriber selected a free channel, and then established a connection with the operator, who connected him to the desired subscriber. Moreover, initially the MTS network operated in half-duplex mode, which made it possible to solve the echo problem. Full duplex mode (i.e., like in a regular telephone) and automatic channel selection appeared only in 1964. By the way, by the end of the 40s. of the last century AT&T and Bell Telephone Laboratories were not the most advanced - in 1948 the Radiotelephone Company of Richmond (Indiana) was launched completely automatic system mobile radio communications, in which the call to the subscriber was made without the help of an operator.

One of the first car radiotelephones

All the first mobile radio communication systems of those years had a serious limitation in the form of a frequency resource with a limited number of channels. This made it difficult to provide full coverage of a large area and did not allow two networks to operate in the same frequency range - the minimum distance between two radio systems had to be at least 100 km. A solution to this problem was found by Bell Laboratories employee D. Ring, who proposed dividing the entire coverage area into cells (cells) formed by base stations operating in different frequency ranges. And exactly cellular principle became fundamental for modern mobile networks. The practical implementation of the idea appeared in 1969 on Metroliner trains running between New York and Washington - the entire train route (255 miles) was divided into nine zones, in each of which six channels were available at a frequency of 450 MHz, and the control center system was located in Philadelphia.

Schematic illustration of a cellular network

Simultaneously with the United States, mobile radio communication systems were also developing in Europe, where the main work was carried out by Ericsson and Marconi. First tests European systems Radio communications took place in 1951, and Japanese ones - in 1967. By the way, it was the Japanese who established that in urban areas, the ranges around 400 and 900 MHz are most suitable for mobile radio communications. Among European countries, the first commercially successful cellular network was deployed in Finland in 1971, and by 1978 it covered the entire country. Naturally, we were talking about car radio communications, which was even reflected in its name - Autoradiopuhelin (ARP, “Car radiotelephone”). The Autotel network was positioned similarly. However, despite the analogue voice transmission, in the Autotel standard all service information, unlike other mobile radio communication systems of those years, was transmitted in digital form.

Developments were carried out in the field of mobile radio communications in our country, but they will be discussed a little below, but for now let’s return to the USA, where a fierce struggle unfolded between AT&T Bell Labs and Motorola, who were striving to become leaders in the nascent mobile communications market. Moreover, AT&T Bell Labs relied on car radio communications, and Motorola relied on compact devices that could be carried with you. The competition was quite fierce, even attempts were made to use administrative resources in the form of the FCC (Federal Communications Commission). Motorola emerged victorious in the fight, and the main direction in the further development of mobile communications was the creation of compact devices that could simply be carried with you. A commercial network based on Motorola's principles was launched in 1983, a decade after that historic call.

First mobile phone Motorola DynaTAC 8000X
(Dynamic adaptive total area coverage)

If we discuss the standards of cellular communications of those years, it should be recalled that in America the analog standard AMPS (Advanced mobile phones service) began to gain popularity, later improved to digital D-AMPS. In Europe, a whole scattering of various incompatible standards has appeared, and the most widespread are Scandinavian NMT (Nordic mobile telephony) and TACS (Total access communications system, an analogue of AMPS), deployed in a number of European countries. In Japan, NTT (Nippon telephone and telegraph system) and a modified version of TACS, called JTACS (NTACS), became the most popular. All of the listed standards, like AMPS, were analog, and the networks built belonged to the first generation of mobile communications.

Simultaneously with the growth in the number of mobile network subscribers, Europeans were faced with the question of creating a unified mobile communication standard, for which in 1982 the Groupe Spécial Mobile was created, which included 26 European telephone companies. The development of the standard of the same name took nine years - its first specification was published in 1991, and the world's first commercial GSM network was launched in 1992 in Finland. An alternative to GSM has become the CDMA standard, common in the USA and Asian countries. The first commercial CDMA network appeared in 1995 in Hong Kong, and the first commercial satellite communication system (based on CDMA Omni TRACKC technology) was launched in 1980. By the way, the theoretical foundations of CDMA were laid back in 1935 by the Russian scientist D.V. Ageev.

our history

Cellular communications in the modern sense came to our country in 1991, when the Delta Telecom company deployed a network of the NMT-450i standard, and the first call using it took place on September 9, 1991. The first Russian GSM network was launched in 1994. , simultaneously with the emergence of the North-West GSM operator.

However, the history of the development of mobile communications in our country has deeper roots. It all started with the fact that during the Great Patriotic War Soviet scientist Georgy Ilyich Babat proposed the idea of ​​​​a device called “monophone”, which was a portable telephone that operated completely automatically. The operating frequency range of the device was supposed to be in the region of 1-2 GHz, but unlike modern cellular communications, in the “monophone” it was planned to use not a radio channel, but an extensive network of waveguides for voice transmission.

G.I. Babat, inventor of the "monophone"

The next step towards domestic mobile communications was made by G. Shapiro and I. Zakharchenko, who proposed a car radiotelephone communication system in 1946. Its principle was simple and ingenious - city telephone exchanges were supposed to be supplemented with radio receiving equipment, and each car equipped with radio communications was to be assigned individual call signs. To make a call, it was enough to broadcast your call signs, after which the phone installed in the car automatically turned on, which you could use as usual telephone. When receiving a mobile number incoming call communication with him was also carried out through call signs. At first, even the range of the Shapiro-Zakharchenko system was approximately 20 km, but later the inventors were able to increase it to 150 km, and the device itself was very compact. Initially, the Shapiro-Zakharchenko system was supposed to be used to coordinate the work of the police, firefighters, doctors and others emergency services. However, the idea did not take root primarily due to the reluctance of these services to be tied to the city telephone network.

But what can be considered truly sensational is that in 1957 L. I. Kupriyanovich created a prototype of a mobile phone, which received the name LK-1. Interestingly, before the development of LK-1, Kupriyanovich’s area of ​​activity was the creation of portable walkie-talkies, just like his overseas colleague Martin Cooper. Interfacing LK-1 with the city telephone network was carried out through the “Automatic Telephone Radio Station” (ATR), with which the “mobile” handset was connected by four frequency channels: receiving sound, transmitting sound, transmitting dialing signals and sending a call end signal. Moreover, the issue of mass use of LK-1 was also thought out - in this case, the control signals differed in tone, and different frequency channels were used for voice transmission. The range of the device was several tens of kilometers.

Note in the journal “Science and Life”, No. 10, 1958.

Please note that in the USSR, initially the emphasis was placed precisely on the creation of mobile radio communication systems, the use of which was as similar as possible to the use of ordinary city telephones, and these systems had to be integrated with the existing city telephone network as simply as possible. The importance of compact dimensions was also understood - if the first versions of the LK-1 weighed about 3 kg (let me remind you, the weight of car radio telephones was 10-20 kg), then already in 1958 Kupriyanovich managed to make a telephone weighing only 500 grams. And in 1959, he put forward a proposal to install an ATP at a high-altitude task, i.e. to implement the same thing that Martin Cooper did 14 years later. But the invention of L.I. Kupriyanovich did not get a move, and by 1960-1961. in his articles he talks about walkie-talkies and electronics news, but does not mention a word about the radiotelephone.

And this is no coincidence - in the late 50s. last century, by order of the country's top leadership, the development of the Altai mobile automatic radio communication system began in the USSR. Moreover, one of the main requirements was that its use should be as similar as possible to the use of a regular telephone network, i.e. manual channel switching and the need to call a dispatcher were eliminated. And this problem was solved - already in 1963 the system was put into trial operation in Moscow. The Altai operating range was around 150 MHz, and later the 330 MHz range was also used. By the mid-70s, 114 cities of the USSR were already covered by this system, and at the 1980 Olympics it became the main means of communication for the journalists covering it. Moreover, the quality of communication on Altai was no worse than on the best wired telephone lines, and communication problems arose quite rarely. In its heyday, it became available not only to party and government officials, but also to enterprise managers - by the beginning of the 80s. it was used by about 25 thousand subscribers. For the country's top leadership and the needs of the special services, Rosa was also created, which was a version of Altai, supplemented with encryption tools.

Altai user equipment from the 1960s

The USSR also had plans to deploy a mobile communications network accessible to the average person. In the early 1980s, work began on the VoLeMoT system, the name of which consisted of the first letters of the cities where it was developed: Voronezh, Leningrad, Molodechno, Ternopil. Moreover, the system initially included the ability to use multiple base stations in order to cover the entire territory of the country and support automatic transition between base stations without interrupting the conversation. Thus, VoLeMoT could become a full-fledged cellular network, and if not for bureaucratic delays and insufficient funding for the work, it would have been launched by the mid-1980s. It was planned to use a frequency of 330 MHz as the operating range, which made it possible to cover long distances with one base station. By the way, the system was put into operation in some cities, but this happened only in the mid-1990s, when technological leadership was lost, and NMT and GSM networks dominated the market.

Summary

History has no subjunctive mood. We missed the opportunity to become leaders in the construction of mobile networks, but our country had chances for this. In 1959, the Bulgarian scientist Hristo Bachvarov created a mobile phone, conceptually similar to the device of L.I. Kupriyanovich, and received the corresponding patent. Moreover, at the Interorgtekhnika-66 exhibition, RAT-0.5 and ATRT-0.5, compact mobile phones of industrial production, as well as the RATC-10 base station, capable of simultaneously connecting six mobile subscribers with the city telephone network. But all these developments never went into production, and everyone recognized the birthday of mobile communications as April 3, 1973, when Martin Cooper made his historic call.

The design and functionality of cell phones began to evolve rapidly starting in 1983.
The first milestone was marked by Motorola's DynaTAC phone, which appeared in the movie Wall Street starring
Michael Douglas as a financial tycoon. A representative of the current stage of development is iPhone phone 3Gs.

Motorola DynaTAC 8000X 25 years ago, on June 13, 1983, Motorola released the first commercial mobile phone, the DynaTAC 8000X. The DynaTAC 8000X took more than 10 years and more than $100 million to develop. DynaTAC 8000X weighed 800 grams, stored 30 telephone numbers, had 1 melody and cost 3995 US dollars. In talk mode, the battery lasted almost one hour.

1989 Motorola MicroTAC 9800X The first truly portable phone. Before its release, most cell phones were intended only for installation in cars due to their dimensions, which were not suitable for carrying in a pocket.

Nokia 1011 It was the first GSM phone mass production. It was produced until 1994.

1996 Motorola StarTAC First folding cell phone. In addition, he was among the first to have a screen with cells.

Nokia 8110 This phone was also called the “banana phone” and became popular thanks to the first film “The Matrix”.

Communicator Nokia 9000 The first series of smartphones with Intel processor 386.

1998 Nokia 9110i This phone was a repeat of the Nokia communicator series and weighed significantly less than its predecessor, the smartphone.

Nokia 5110 This Nokia was very popular for a long time after its release.

1999 Nokia 8210 Users loved it for its cute design and disliked it for its dim screen.

Nokia 7110 The first mobile phone with a WAP browser.

Nokia 5210 This phone is known for its durability and its replaceable, water-resistant design.

Benefon Esc! The first model with a built-in GPS system. It was mainly sold in Europe.

Nokia 3210 Approximately 160 million of these phones were sold. This is the first device with a built-in antenna (!) and the T9 function, used when writing text messages.

2000 Ericsson R380 The characteristic feature of the R380 model was black and white touch screen, partially covered by a panel.

Nokia 3310 This is a real hit! Many even opened beer for them. Oak, indestructible phone) Approximately 126 million 3310 devices were sold

2001 Nokia 5510 A characteristic feature of this phone is the QWERTY keyboard. It could also store up to 64 MB of music files in memory.

Nokia 8310 And this device had an infrared port, a fully functional calendar and FM radio (!).

Ericsson T39 This small handset was the first phone with Bluetooth technology.

Ericsson T66 This miniature model from Ericsson was the size of a cigarette (apparently long).

Ericsson T68 First Ericsson phone with color screen.

Siemens S45 The first mobile phone from Siemens with GPRS function, as well as RAM 360 KB. At that time, this amount of memory was considered large.

2002 Nokia 3510(i) First Nokia phone, with the help of which GPRS began to be widely used. The first budget multifunctional phone with a color screen.

Nokia 7650 This is the first Nokia phone with a built-in camera. "Located" in the film "Minority Report". The first smartphone in the 60 series

Sony Ericsson P800 This smartphone is characterized by a touch screen and a memory capacity of up to 128 MB. A very cool model was #9786; cost almost 1000 dollars

Nokia 6100 Its main features are, perhaps, its beautiful design and thin body)

Nokia 6310i The 6310i quickly gained popularity in business circles due to its ease of use and long battery life.

Sanyo SCP-5300 The first phone with a built-in camera. Even though the image quality was poor, it was the first of its kind.

2003 Nokia 1100 Approximately 200 million phones of this extremely popular model have been sold since its release in 2003. According to rumors, the cost of this phone in criminal circles reached $32,000, since it could be used to intercept bank passwords once (apparently, this is the cost with already stolen passwords, because it’s easier to buy one in a store for its face value :)).

Nokia N-Gage Nokia call back to the Game Boy advance gaming device. Receiving several praises, this phone with gaming system was consigned to oblivion due to an inconvenient interface.

PalmOne Treo 600 was popular from 2003 to 2004 until the BlackBerries phone reached its peak of fame. It held a charge for three or four days and was a great combination of phone, PDA, camera and business tools to choose from.

Nokia 2100 This model had a wide range of colors and featured a monochrome screen.

Nokia 6600 Popularly nicknamed “penguin”. One of the first Nokia phones with a screen displaying 65 thousand colors.

BlackBerry Quark 6210 The first phone combined with a PDA Research In Motion.

BlackBerry 7210 The first phone with a color screen from the BlackBerry brand.

2004 Motorola Razor V3 At the time of release, this phone became the standard for glossy design.

Sony Ericsson P910 Attractive smartphone with folding flip, qwerty keyboard.

Nokia 7610 Nokia's first smartphone with a 1 megapixel camera.

Nokia 3220 First budget phone Nokia with EDGE.

Nokia 7280 In Fortune magazine, this phone was in the list of the best products of 2004. It was also called the telephone - “lipstick”.

2005 year Sony Ericsson K750 This is one of the first phones with a 2mpx camera and has become widespread in Russia

Nokia 1110 This GSM phone was launched as a low-cost device and gained popularity in developing countries.

HTC Universal It was the first PDA phone with 3G technology based Windows Mobile produced by NTS.

Motorola RAZR V3 Magenta This bright pink phone became a fashion item of the time.

2006 Nokia N73 This highly popular smartphone sold millions around the world and is still widely used today, one of the first Nokia phones to have a 3.2 million pixel camera.

Motorola Q BlackBerry killer from Motorola.

BlackBerry Pearl RIM's first intelligently designed phone. The BlackBerry Pearl model is still on sale.

KDDI Penck This fabulous design is only available in Japan.

O2 XDA Flame Model 02 XDA Flame is the first PDA phone with a dual-core processor.

Nokia E62 One of the first Nokia models with a QWERTY keyboard. The index “E” indicates that the model belongs to the business series.

2007 iPhone The first iPhone was released in June 2007. It had a sensor with automatic rotation, a multi-touch technology sensor with the ability to respond to multiple touches, a touchscreen that replaced the traditional layout QWERTY keyboards, excellent design, as well as many other characteristics that have greatly helped Apple conquer the market.

The LG Prada KE850 Touch Screen Phone won the Red Dot Design Award in 2007 and was named “Best of the Best”.

HTC Touch HTC's response to the iPhone.

Communicator Nokia E90 Has two full displays, business series.

Nokia N95 A distinctive feature of this popular Nokia smartphone was a double slider that opens in both directions. This Nokia smartphone was one of the first with GPS

LG Shine This phone also received the Red Dot award in 2007. It was also available in gold and titanium black colors.

2008 iPhone 3G The iPhone 3G was released in July 2008. It has become very widespread in Russia. In youth circles it is considered very fashionable to have an iPhone, probably because of its cost.

T-Mobile G1 Phone The G1 phone was the first device released with working Android system, developed by Google. It is also known as HTC Dream. In April 2009, a million of these devices were sold.

Nokia 5800 XpressMusic This phone debuted in the movie "The Dark Knight". Ostensibly is " iPhone killer", has a relatively low cost compared to its competitor.

BlackBerry Storm This model acted as a direct competitor to the iPhone 3G and became the first phone produced by RIM without a QWERTY keyboard layout with a touch screen.

BlackBerry Bold A compromise solution for those who want to have a Blackberry model with 3G technology and a QWERTY layout.

Nokia E63 Continuation of the E-series with a qwerty keyboard.

Nokia N79 The Nokia N79 has GPS, a 5 megapixel camera with Carl Zeiss optics and Tessar lenses and many other features.

HTC Touch Diamond Distinctive feature This attractive smartphone features a durable touchscreen suitable for recognizing Asian letters.

Nokia E71 Nokia's steel body fits easily in the palm of your hand.

2009 Prada II or LG KF900 The second attempt at Prada, developed by LG. This model features a slide-out keyboard with a QWERTY layout.

LG Arena The first phone produced by LG with a 3D S-Class user interface. This interface is based on how the phone is facing the user,

HTC Magic Another model from HTC with a working Android system developed by Google.

iPhone 3GS The letter “S” stands for Speed. The new product has a new processor, a 3-megapixel camera with autofocus, support for VGA video 30 frames per second, a digital compass and much more.

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The history of cellular communications must be considered in inextricable connection with the history of radio communications in general. The most significant event in this context is, of course, the world's first radio broadcast. It was carried out by our compatriot Alexander Stepanovich Popov on April 23 (May 7, new style) 1895. It is on this date that everyone who is in one way or another connected with cellular communications celebrates their professional holiday.

Mobile communication systems have evolved in a very short time. Considering the evolution of mobile communication systems, we come to the concept of “generations”.

Second generation mobile communication systems () are digital. They have brought significant benefits in terms of offering subscribers improved services, capacity and quality. The most common standard of this generation is (Global System for Mobile Communications). Increased need for wireless access the Internet led to further development of the system. This is how a system called 2.5 G appeared. An example of 2.5 G technology is (General Packet Radio Services) - a standardized packet data transmission technology that allows the use of a mobile communication terminal device to access the Internet. Later, technology (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) was introduced, which made it possible to increase the data transfer rate to hundreds of kilobits per second. Others appearing in this standard service is (short message service).

The first stage of development of cellular communication systems in Russia began with the commissioning of the first cellular communication system in Russia in 1992. This stage is characterized by the installation of inexpensive equipment of NMT and AMPS standards. The first company on the market mobile operators Russia was OJSC VimpelCom (Vympel Communications), which was founded in 1991. In June 1992 working group OJSC VimpelCom is developing a cellular network project. Russia's first experimental network of the AMPS standard with a capacity of 200 subscribers begins operation, and on July 12 the first test call is made in the VimpelCom network. The time before the crisis of August 17, 1998 was the period of “fat cat” subscribers, when the number of users was insignificant, and subscribers were willing to shell out thousands of dollars a month for using the phone. Inexpensive equipment paid for itself very quickly and brought super profits to its owners. Cellular operators focused only on wealthy clients and were not interested in attracting mass clients with modest incomes. The advertising strongly emphasized social prestige cell phone. This stage of development of cellular communication systems in Russia corresponds to the growth stage on the curve life cycle product.

The market of Russian cellular operators has become a new huge developing market for manufacturers of cellular communication equipment. As you know, equipment markets in Western countries were already saturated, mobile communication networks had already been deployed, equipment could only be sold for replacement (replacement of equipment of an obsolete equipment standard latest standard). And the peculiarity of the cellular communication equipment market is that it is necessary to quickly deploy an expensive system, otherwise it is impossible to provide communication services in principle. And this requires investment. Therefore, fast payback on projects is so important for cellular communications. In an effort to capture the mobile communications equipment market, communications equipment manufacturing companies deployed their commercial, service, and engineering infrastructures in Russia and, in one form or another, financed cellular operators. By that time, the Mobile TeleSystems company had already been formed with the participation of the German capital Deutsche Telecom and Siemens, namely on October 28, 1993.

From the above it is known that this period was characterized by a small number of subscribers. A natural consequence of this was also high level fixed costs of operating companies (MTS and BeeLine) per subscriber. After all, the network of stations was severely underloaded. Therefore, objectively, the competitiveness of cellular operators was low and, therefore, there was the possibility of a successful invasion by new competitors.

Which is what happened already in 1995-1997. in St. Petersburg, where a new player entered the market - the North-West GSM company, which immediately offered a moderate subscription fee- $15 per month. With the new approach, high initial costs were to be recouped not through high prices, but through a massive customer base. Indeed, as a result of lower prices, the St. Petersburg market began to grow sharply. Thus, if at the end of 1996 its capacity was 63 thousand subscribers, then a year later it reached 131 thousand. In terms of the number of mobile phones per 1000 residents, it was St. Petersburg (and not Moscow, with its much more prosperous population!) that became at this time the national leader.

Following the most attractive Moscow and St. Petersburg markets, intensive development of Russian regions began. A number of Western companies founded the production of communication equipment at joint enterprises in Russia.