There was the first mobile phone. Who invented the mobile phone? Soviet experience in the development of mobile communications: the Altai system

It is believed that the history of mobile phones began in 1910. It was then that Robert Sloss, a well-known American journalist, predicted the appearance in the near future of devices with which it would be possible to make remote calls without a direct connection to the PBX. It is unlikely that he could have imagined what those same devices would be like 100 years later. In fact, they are already full-fledged computers. And making calls is one of their many additional functions, which is far from the main one. When was the very first cell phone created and who was its inventor? Which device was the first to go on serial sale, that is, was available to everyone?

History of creation

If you believe history, then the first cell phone in the world, or rather its working prototype, was created by the Soviet scientist Leonid Ivanovich Kupriyanovich. The operating principle of such a device was based on transmitting a radio signal over a distance. This was in 1957. This function performed by a built-in repeater. Simply put, it was a portable radio that had the ability to generate a signal and distribute it over open areas.

Of course, the transmission distance was relatively minuscule. Yes, and it was possible to catch such a signal with the most ordinary radio receiver. There was no talk of any encryption back then. The main task facing Leonid Ivanovich was to transmit a radio signal over a distance using a portable base station. It is from this moment that the history of the creation of a mobile phone begins in the form in which we are accustomed to seeing it.
Of course, the test sample can only be called portable. The tube itself weighed about 3 kilograms and was connected to a base station, in which the radio frequency signal reception/transmission module was integrated. The battery was also placed there.

Kupriyanovich's development was not completed with this prototype. Already in 1961, he presented a more modernized variation of his device. And even then it could really be called pocket-sized, because it weighed only 1.2 kilograms. True, it only worked for 10 minutes, after which it was necessary to change power sources. But the main thing is that the scientist created a trend that absolutely all mobile phone manufacturers followed in the future. They are still observed today.

Release of Motorola DynaTAC

Motorola became famous throughout the world in 1973. After all, it was she who introduced the first cell phones for widespread distribution. We are talking about Motorola DynaTAC. True, the finished prototype went on sale only 10 years later - in 1983, but this was already connected with the development of cellular networks, which subsequently led to the creation of GSM coverage. Motorola DynaTAC, according to journalists, could provide uninterrupted communication for 1 hour. And in standby mode it worked for about 8 hours, after which it had to be charged. The battery, by the way, was charged from scratch in as much as 10 hours. And its power was so high that often test samples of Motorola DynaTAC simply overheated due to a short circuit.
Over the next 10 years, the company actively modernized the presented device and already in 1984 the DynaTAC 8000X went on sale. In essence, this is a test cellular mobile phone. True, visually it looked like a huge suitcase, to which was attached a handset with a built-in speaker and microphone. It would be a stretch to call it portable. In any case, with its help it was really possible to call a landline telephone exchange remotely, anywhere, for subsequent communication with the specified subscriber.

However, few people know that Motorola DynaTAC is not a unique device that works according to cellular network standards. It is worth mentioning PAT-0.5 and ATRT-0.5 - these are the first cell phones developed by scientists from Bulgaria. True, they worked exclusively in combination with the RATC-10 base station, capable of locally creating microcellular networks with a maximum load of 6 subscribers. From that moment on, the creation of a cellular signal transmission standard began, which began to be actively implemented everywhere only in 1992 (in Germany). And already in 1993, Russia created its own GSM network operator, which was the closed joint-stock community MTS. Until this moment, only the operator Delta Telecom operated, which provided communication services according to NMT-450 standards. True, the cost of connection was about 4 thousand dollars.

As for the DynaTAC 8000X, it enjoyed unprecedented popularity. The manufacturer did not even have time to satisfy the demand for this device. And this despite the fact that its then cost was $3,995! Even by today's standards, this is a cosmic price. By the way, the first cell phones were eventually in demand mainly by automobile concerns, which supplied their cars with them. Essentially, it was a marketing ploy on their part to attract new customers.

Integration of color displays

DynaTAC 8000X did not have a display (only some prototypes had one). Its base station had only 12 keys. With their help, you could dial a subscriber number, accept or end a call. A little later, mobile phones with a pre-installed liquid crystal display appeared. But the first “smartphone” with a color display was the Siemens S10. True, it displayed only 3 colors, which were conventionally divided into 8 shades. This was in 1995. And in 1996, the Nokia Communicator, a full-fledged smartphone, appeared on the consumer market. True, he had a proprietary OS installed, which was completely closed to third-party developers. That is, no applications were released for it.

And the further history of the development of mobile phones is already known to many. In just a few years, GSM networks appeared in most developed countries. The generally accepted standard was the GSM-900 and GSM-1800 network. They are still available, but no longer meet the modern requirements of the end user due to the low quality of data transmission, high vulnerability to hacking and noise (“zero” information).

Altai system

Historical references rarely mention the experimental Altai system, organized back in 1963 and operating at a frequency of 150 megahertz. This is a nationwide communication standard for wireless transmission sound signal. By 1973 it was fully integrated into the fixed network. That is, through it it was possible to call landline stations. In the same year, the standard was partially changed - the frequency range was expanded to 330 megahertz. It is interesting that until 2011, Altai continued to function at the state level. The network was actively used in many cities. Currently, the system operates exclusively in Novosibirsk, but the issue of terminating support (for financial reasons) is already being considered.

But it is worth considering that only wireless base stations developed specifically on the territory of the USSR were connected to the Altai system. We are not talking about traditional mobile phones. However, some foreign companies have attempted to produce communication devices that would support such a standard. But the Soviet government refused them all. Not surprising, since the signal transmission was conditionally encrypted. And the prototype for the base stations was the same device developed by Leonid Ivanovich Kuprinovich.

In total, today it is difficult to say what the first cell phones in the world were. Several high-profile companies were simultaneously developing them. And their developments quite often overlap. Historically, it is generally accepted that the working prototype was initially presented in the USSR. When did the first cell phone appear? In 1957, but it worked on a regular radio frequency. If we talk specifically about the standard cellular network, then the devices working with them were the PAT-0.5 and ATRT-0.5 devices, visually more similar to huge walkie-talkies. And among those devices that could be purchased by everyone, it is worth mentioning the DynaTAC 8000X from Motorola. It is worth considering that all devices before 1992 used a similar principle of transceiver operation. Only later did they begin to be integrated into microprocessors and compact modules.

All services, including special services, use trunk communication.

In the modern business world, more and more attention is paid to the means mobile communications: pagers, cellular devices and satellite communications, personal communicators and similar devices. Indeed, in order to be competitive, modern companies need to constantly maintain communication with their customers, and, just as importantly, between the employees of their organization. Recently, some mobile operators have been offering so-called “corporate” tariffs (for example, the MTS corporate program), which are specifically designed to create a “virtual telephone network” for company employees. However, such programs are not the cheapest solution to the communication problem, but, fortunately, not the only possible one.

For a company that decides to “connect” its mobile employees, there is an alternative solution - the use of trunk communication. Perhaps many readers are seeing the phrase “trunk connection” for the first time. Indeed, trunk communication systems are now receiving less attention than even paging systems. To some extent, this is due to the fact that trunk communication systems are intended primarily for use by large organizations, and not by mass users. Despite this, this technology has its merits and deserves to be considered within the framework of this article.

So, what is hidden behind the term “trunk system”? Paradoxically, we use it every day without even thinking about it. It is on the principle of trunking that the operation of modern automatic telephone exchanges is based. Let's see what happens when you try to make a call from home phone, for example, to your friend. You pick up the phone, wait for the “line free” signal, then dial the number and wait for an answer. All other actions are performed by the PBX: it selects one of the free communication channels and switches (links) your telephone set with a friend's phone. At the end of the conversation, the line that was used is released and becomes available for use by other people. As you might guess, the number of communication lines is limited and is certainly less than necessary to connect all telephone sets in the city. Thus, the PBX controls the distribution of a limited number of lines between big amount subscribers. It is assumed that a situation where all subscribers suddenly decide to contact each other at the same time will not arise. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly calculate the minimum required number of communication channels so that problems associated with their shortage do not arise during the work process. This issue is effectively solved using the mathematical theory of queuing systems.
In trunk telephony, the subscriber simply dials a number, and the PBX allocates a free line through which a conversation can be conducted.
Trunked radio systems are mobile radio communication systems that are based on the same principles as conventional telephone networks. In other words, in a trunk radio communication system there is a limited number of radio channels (usually from two to twenty), which are allocated by the central controller for negotiations as needed.
In conventional radio communication systems, the user has to manually retune to a free radio channel; in trunk communication systems, this work is undertaken by the central controller, which itself allocates a free channel to two radio stations. Thus, the user just needs to dial the number of the called subscriber, and the system will do the rest itself. A trunk system can be defined as follows: Automatic and dynamic distribution of a small number of channels among a large number of radio users.
Now, knowing the basic principles of operation of trunk systems, let's talk a little about their areas of application and the advantages of using them. Applications - large commercial and state organizations, for example, traffic inspection services, various repair services, companies specializing in the field of industrial mountaineering (maintenance of high-rise buildings) and so on. A trunk communication system can be deployed both in a large city and in a remote, sparsely populated area, which is especially important in the conditions of our country. Trunk systems effectively use the frequency band allocated to them and provide high level confidentiality (there are even tools that allow you to encode speech during its transmission), reliable, and provide a large number of service functions. Finally, perhaps their greatest advantage is that the organization itself can become the owner of a trunk radio communication system, saving itself from subscription fee and traffic fees.
https://www.ixbt.com/mobile/review/trunk.shtml
In the 90s, while cellular communications were just taking off, on the periphery, in particular in Irkutsk, the trunk even gave it some competition.

1. Motorola DynaTAC 8000X is the world's first cell phone to receive FCC (Federal Communications Commission) certification in September 1983, after which commercial sales of the device began. Despite this, the first call with the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X was made much earlier - in 1973, engineer (phone developer) Martin Cooper received this honor.

2. Nokia 1011, or Mobira Cityman 2000. This phone appeared in 1992 and became the first widely available model to work in GSM networks. Nokia 1011 was produced until 1994, after which the device was replaced by newer and more advanced models.

3.IBM Simon is the first attempt to combine the capabilities of a telephone and a PDA (pocket personal computer). The phone was presented to the public as a concept on November 23, 1992, and in 1994 it was released for sale, the cost of the device started at $899. In addition to the ability to make a call, the device included organizer functions, could send and receive faxes, and allowed you to work with by email and contained several games. Plus, the IBM Simon had a touch screen! Unfortunately, the phone weighed about 1 kg, so the public did not appreciate the new product.

4. Motorola StarTAC- this is the first mobile phone, made in a “clamshell” format, and this happened in 1996. The compactness of such a device is comparable even to mobile phones of our time. Revolution in the world mobile technologies, and again Motorola.

5. Nokia 9000 Communicator is the world's first successful device that combines the capabilities of a telephone and a PDA. Even the impressive weight of the smartphone - as much as 397 grams - did not prevent it from gaining popularity. Nokia 9000 was equipped with 8 MB memory, a monochrome screen (640x200) and a full-size QWERTY keyboard. The smartphone was released in 1996.

6. Sharp J-SH04- the world's first mobile phone equipped with a camera. A miracle of technology appeared in Japan in 2000; The camera resolution today seems ridiculous - it is only 0.1 megapixels, but in those distant times the Sharp J-SH04 seemed something incredible.

In our century, when science and technology are developing at a rapid pace, many of us cannot imagine life without mobile phones. Of course, telephones have become such a convenient thing that to abandon them would mean entering the “Prehistoric” era. Now the phone can not only transmit sound over a distance. It most likely looks like a device with more capabilities than what is called a telephone.

And that is why the mobile phone is so popular among the masses. Each buyer can choose a mobile phone from a wide range model range. The operator's coverage allows communication to be used almost throughout the entire planet.

Idea creating wireless mobile devices began to worry scientists as soon as the usual landline phone. Back in 1947, Bell Laboratories, which belonged to AT&T, proposed create a mobile phone. Even then there were the first attempts: a hybrid of a radio transmitter and a telephone was created. The car housed a radio station that transmitted a signal to the telephone exchange. And in order to connect to a radiotelephone, you had to call the telephone exchange and tell the number of the telephone set installed in the car. To transmit sound, a button was used, which was held down during the conversation. And to hear the answer, she was released. The possibilities for this type of communication were very limited. This type of connection was hampered by various obstacles, which greatly deteriorated the quality of transmitted speech.

For the sake of such pleasure, a device weighing 12 kilograms was placed in the trunk of a car. The control panel and handset were located in the cabin. And the antenna was mounted in the roof. This device has helped users significantly cellular communication, freeing their hands from such weight.

On April 3, 1973, the head of the mobile communications department made the first call in human history. While walking along the streets of Manhattan, Martin Cooper decided to call the AT&T Bell Labs office on his mobile phone. He stood near the first cellular antenna, which was installed on one of the nearby skyscrapers. Who do you think Cooper called? He called his competitor named Joel Angel. Passers-by were very surprised, since at that time no one had seen anything like this. The advent of commercial mobile communications was 10 years away.

And so March 6, 1983 was The first commercial cell phone was released. The result of 15 years of development by Motorola was a mobile device called DynaTAC 8000X. For implementation this phone About $100 million was spent. The weight of the phone was 794 grams, dimensions - 33 * 4.4 * 8.9 cm. The battery charge lasted for an hour of calls, and in standby mode for 8 hours. The display was LED. Although the first model of the phone was priced at $3,995, its popularity grew rapidly and thousands of Americans stood in line to purchase the DynaTAC 8000X.

No consumer technology has been around for such a long period of time (37 years). From the beginning of the creation of the first cellular technology to permission for its commercial use.

Motorola began massively produce mobile devices and for many years remained a trendsetter in the field of wireless cellular communications. The popularity of the new technology was gaining momentum. Companies could not provide mobile communications to everyone. The reason for the slow adoption of new subscribers was insufficient telephone exchange capacity, insufficient number of transmitters and a small frequency range.

Bell System, which created her first phone model half a year later than the manufacturer Motorola, had 545 customers in New York in 1978, and another 3.7 thousand future subscribers stood in line for telephones. The waiting period for such luxury could last 5-10 years. The general picture in the USA is 20 thousand customers purchasing Bell System phones.

Every year we are provided with more and more new phone models. And their capabilities are becoming more complex and functional. And who knows what awaits us next year. What else will mobile device manufacturers please us with? In our rush to buy new models of mobile phones, we forget their original purpose – voice communication between subscribers. But everything in the World is changing and technologies unfamiliar to us are turning into our assistants. And yet, you must admit, they make our lives more interesting!

Almost no modern person can imagine his life and work without a telephone.

However, more recently, in historical terms, there were times when a telephone was considered a luxury. Who invented and introduced the telephone to the masses?

Content:

Landline communications

As everyone knows, the era telephone communication began with wired telephones that could transmit voice messages using technologies that were significantly different from modern ones.

Such a device became a major breakthrough and the first “bell” of an active scientific and technological revolution, which began almost immediately from the creation of such an innovative device.

Story

The first telephone was created in an era when the only way to more or less quickly transmit messages over long distances was the telegraph.

At that time, the telegraph was considered a perfect and fully functional means of communication with remote regions.

However, the invention of the telephone caused a revolution, and it quickly began to be put into use.

It is worth noting that the invention of the telephone could not have been thought of until electricity was discovered.

When electricity became more or less widely used, the telegraph appeared - Morse presented to the public in 1897 not only his alphabet, but also his broadcasting apparatus.

The appearance of the world's first device capable of quickly transmitting information without a physical carrier over a greater distance proved that such a transmission method was possible in principle, and gave scientists of that time the impetus to develop methods for its improvement.

First device

And at the end of the 19th century, scientists managed to significantly improve the transmission method and give it a new format. It is believed that Alexander Bell invented the telephone, but this is not entirely true.

The appearance of the device would be impossible without Philip Rice- German scientist.

It was Rice who created the very basis of the future telephone set- a device capable of transmitting a recording of a human voice over certain (quite large for that time) distances using galvanic current conductors. Rice's development was published in 1861, and during this period Bell took it as the basis for his future invention - the telephone, in the form in which we know it now.

So, after 15 years, namely in 1876, the first telephone based on galvanic current appeared, the inventor of which was considered Alexander Graham Bell.

At this year's World's Fair, a Scottish researcher presented his device that allows voice messages to be transmitted over a distance, and also applied for a patent.

Specifications

What specifications was this the first device?

It was significantly inferior not only to the devices that became widespread in the 20th century, but also to subsequent models created by Bell a few years later.

However, at that time its characteristics were considered premium.

The distance over which the device could transmit sound was 200 m, which was a lot.

Initially, it had severe sound distortion, but with the next improvement, Alexander Graham Bell eliminated this problem.

And in this form, the device, invented and improved by him, existed for almost another 100 years.

History of creation

Like many famous inventions that changed not only the course of scientific and technological progress, but also the course of history, it was created by accident.

Alexander Bell's original goal was not to create a device that would transmit a voice message, but the creation of a telegraph apparatus capable of transmitting several telegrams simultaneously.

In the process of experiments on such improvement of the telegraph apparatus, the telephone was created.

The telegraph operated using pairs of records, and for their experiment Bell and his assistant prepared several pairs of such records, which were tuned to operate at different frequencies.

As a result of a slight violation of the experimental technology, one of the plates got stuck.

The inventor's assistant began to express his opinion regarding what had happened, while Bell himself at that moment carried out some manipulations with the receiving device of the telegraph apparatus.

A few seconds later, scientists heard sounds coming from the transmitter and resembling a voice recording, although with very strong distortion. From this moment the history of telephone communication began. After Alexander Bell presented his device to the public, many eminent scientists began work to improve the existing device.

The patent office issued hundreds of patents for devices that could modernize and improve the created phone. The most significant of them are:

1 T. Watson's call, replacing the whistle that was originally installed on the Bell apparatus, which appeared in 1878;

2 Carbon microphone M. Michalski, which improved the quality of transmission, and was created in 1878;

3 Automatic telephone exchange for 10,000 numbers S. Apostolov, which appeared in 1894.

The importance of Alexander Bell's invention can also be assessed by financial parameters.

This patent became one of the most profitable in the world, it was he who made Bell a world famous and very rich man. But was it deserved?

Meucci's contribution

In 2002, the US Congress recognized that this patent was issued undeservedly, and the true discoverer of telephone communication should be considered not the Scottish scientist Alexander Graham Bell, but the Italian inventor Antonio Meucci, who created his device after many years of the Bell telephone.

In 1860, he created the truly first apparatus capable of transmitting sound through wires. Meucci's device was called the telextrophone.

At the time of the creation and improvement of the invention, Meucci lived in the USA, was already almost an elderly man and was in a very poor financial situation.

At this stage, his invention and The large company Western Union became interested.

Its representatives offered the scientist to sell all his developments for a substantial sum, and also promised to assist in obtaining a patent.

The poor financial situation forced Meucci to give in to the company's demands. He received his money, but did not receive any help in obtaining a patent, so he applied for it himself, but was refused. And in 1876, Alexander Bell received a patent for an almost completely similar device.

This was a serious shock for Meucci, and he tried to challenge the decision to award the patent to Bell in court.

During the first stages of the proceedings, Meucci did not have enough finances to fight the huge corporation.

As a result, the right to the patent was nevertheless returned to him in court, but only when the validity period of this patent had already expired.

Important! Only in 2002 was a resolution passed by the Congress of the United States of America, according to which Meucci was officially recognized as the inventor of the telephone.

The twentieth century

Devices similar to Meucci's were used throughout much of the twentieth century.

They were constantly being improved, and if the first models that became widespread could communicate with the called subscriber only through a telephone exchange, which required a manual connection, then later these stations became automatic, and subscribers were able to communicate almost directly.

The appearance of such automatic system communication was a big step towards the invention of the telephone in the form in which users know it now.

The first telephone that brought scientists closer to the invention of cellular communications was the radiotelephone.

After this, the first cell phone appeared, and relatively recently, satellite telephony.

The newest of the existing developments can be called, which has little in common directly with the phone, but performs the same functions.

mobile connection

The history of cellular communications began with radiotelephones, the first tests of which were carried out in 1941 by G. Shapiro and I. Zakharchenko in the USSR, and by AT&T Bell Laboratories in the USA.

The system was based on radio communication and was intended to be used for communication between cars (in the modern sense, it was more like a walkie-talkie than a telephone).

In both superpowers, the tests were successful and the system fully met the expectations of the inventors.

And already in 1947, the concept of using hexagonal cells for communication was first proposed in the USA. It was proposed for use by Douglas Ring and Ray Young, inventors working on the Bell staff. The tests were also successful, and it was on the basis of this technology that mobile communications subsequently developed (and it was on the basis of this technology that it got its name).

But the real birthplace of mobile communications is still considered not to be the USA or the USSR, but Sweden.

Here, in 1956, a vehicle-to-vehicle communication system was launched and successfully operated, which became the first such system in the world.

Initially, the project was implemented in the three largest cities of the state - Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmo.

Telephone sets of Kupriyanovich

The first telephone that could be truly mobile and used in field devices was invented in the USSR.

The subscriber could carry it with him; it did not need to be built into cars and transported, like earlier models.

The device was presented to the public by L. I. Kupriyanovich, a Soviet engineer, in 1957.

The weight of the device was 3 kg, which was very light by the standards of that time, but it operated over fairly long distances - up to 30 km, depending on the terrain.

The operating time of this device without replacing batteries was 20-30 hours, depending on operating conditions. The inventor received a patent for the engineering solutions of the device in 1957.

This engineer continued to work in this direction until 1958.

This year he created a more compact mobile phone that works on the same principles as the previous device.

The new device weighed only half a kilogram and was no larger than a cigarette box.

Kupriyanovich did not stop his work in 1961.

This year he is creating a device that works on the same principles as the previous two, but weighs only 70 grams and fits in your pocket. It is capable of communicating over a distance of up to 80 km.

According to the inventor, this device could well be adapted for mass production with the aim of mass equipping heads of departments and enterprises with it. Some time later, in one of his interviews with periodicals, he announced his readiness to design 10 automatic television stations for portable telephones throughout the country. But this project was never implemented in reality.

Bulgarian developments

Although Kupriyanovich himself will soon stop working, his system, in one variation or another, continues to be improved by other companies.

Thus, in 1965, the Radioelectronics company from Bulgaria presented at the Inforga-65 technology festival a system from the main telephone exchange for 15 subscribers, and 15 telephones themselves.

At the same time, they mention that the project was developed precisely on the principle of Kupriyanovich’s equipment.

Work on such technology in this organization continues in 1966. At the Interorgtekhnika-66 scientific exhibition, they presented a set of mobile phones and a station designed to work with six devices. An industrial model is presented, ready, to a greater or lesser extent, for mass production.

In the future, the company works with this particular model, which is already significantly different from Kupriyanovich’s devices.

They first create a station with 69 numbers, and then with 699.

The system became widespread, became a substitute for intercom and was widely produced by industrial enterprises to equip departmental institutions with communications, and was actively used in the country until the early 90s.

Car phones

At the same time, the development of radiotelephones for cars is actively underway.

They are implemented using a different technology, different from Kupriyanovich’s technology, but are relatively popular and widely distributed in the USSR and the world at the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century.

In 1958, work began on the design and creation of mobile phones intended for equipping civilian departmental vehicles.

These phones were called "Altai" and could only be used in a car.

In 1963, Altai was already introduced into more or less mass production and was relatively widely used; the technology was so far widespread only in Moscow, and then began to be used in St. Petersburg.

Only by 1970 it came into operation in another 30 large cities of the Soviet Union.

Commercial cellular communications

First steps towards widespread implementation cell phones and commercialization of the industry were done in 1982 by a British company Pye Telecommunications.

They demonstrated an automatic mobile phone that works as an attachment to a walkie-talkie Pocketphone 70. Theoretically, the device could be implemented everywhere.

Motorola

In 1983, Motorola introduced the first model of a truly commercial mobile phone, intended not only for organizations and departments, but also for individual users who simply could afford to purchase a device.

The device model was called DynaTAC 8000X, and it took the company almost 16 years to create it.

At the same time, a huge amount was invested in it Money, according to some sources - more than 110 million dollars.

The device weighed almost 800 grams, had a length of 33 cm, a thickness of 4.5 cm, and a width of almost 9 cm.

The battery could operate autonomously for up to 9 hours in standby mode or 1 hour in talk mode, and it was the first phone with a battery charged from a mobile network.

The device was sold at a price of almost $4,000.

Spreading

The technology quickly became popular despite the fact that the first devices were very expensive for the average user.

But already in 1984, such phones (and the mobile communication format) were already used by more than 300,000 subscribers.

In 2003, this figure exceeded one billion two hundred million subscribers - it is generally accepted that it was in this year that the technology truly became widespread throughout the world and became firmly established in the life of the average user.

And on July 1, 1991, the first call made in the GSM format was made in Finland. And it is this date that is considered the birthplace of the widespread format that we use to this day. Even with the introduction of other technologies wireless communication and other types of networks, namely this format communication still remains the most widespread and is characterized by the largest coverage area on the globe.

In 1998, a prototype of the first device of this type with a touch-sensitive screen appeared.

This was an important step towards a qualitatively new type of mobile communication devices, including smartphones.

This one is the first touchscreen phone, in fact, became the progenitor of the devices that we currently use.

Throughout the 80s and 90s, the price of mobile phones fell, and by the early 2000s they, although still expensive, were becoming affordable to a larger portion of users.

And after 7-8 years, mobile communications will almost completely replace landline communications.