In what form is information processed by the PC? Processing information on a computer. Digital information processing

Almost every home has a computer, and not even one, but several. But few people understand how a computer processes information and understands us. If you have recently graduated from school or are still studying, then you probably covered this topic in computer science classes, but the older generation probably doesn’t know this and doesn’t even think about the fact that they are “talking” to a computer in the language of numbers. binary system calculus.

All digital information is transmitted in bits. Bit is a unit of information that a computer understands. Everything we do on the computer is translated into a special binary code, which consists of 0 and 1. If there is a signal, then it is 1, if there is no signal, then it is 0. For a computer, these are not numbers, but signals. There is a signal, there is no signal. The computer understands any number in its own way - in the binary system.

0 - 0 (zero)

1 - 1 (one)

2 - 10 (one-zero) (one unit of the second digit)

3 – 11 (one-one)

4 - 100 (one-zero-zero) (one unit of the third digit

5 - 101 (one-zero-one)

6 - 110 (one-one-zero)

7 - 111 (one-one-one)

8 - 1000 (one-zero-zero-zero) (one unit of the fourth digit)

9 - 1001 (one-zero-zero-one)

10 – 1010 (one-zero-one-zero)

If you want to understand computer language, you need to learn binary system calculus.

Zeros and ones in a computer are called bits , and groups of eight bits are called bytes .

One byte can contain a number from 0 to 255.

Two bytes can contain a number from 0 to 65535.

Three bytes can contain a number from 0 to 16 million.

For example,

number 2000 = 00000111 11010000

written in two bytes, 8 bits each.

With numbers it’s more or less clear, but how does a computer understand text?

The computer converts any letters into numbers. Having turned a letter into a number, the computer turns the number into signals and writes them, like numbers, with bits from which bytes are assembled:

A – 192 – 11000000

B – 193 – 11000001

B – 194 – 11000010

G – 195 – 11000011

Complete table of Russian alphabet Ascii codes

By pressing a keyboard key, you give the computer a signal in the binary number system (each key has its own code). He understands her and with the help special program converts this signal into a symbol understandable to us and displays it on the monitor. Roughly speaking, it turns out that the keyboard serves as a translator between us and the computer.

The same thing happens with graphic information. In order to save a picture and work with it on a computer, it must be converted into signals, i.e. digitize . For this purpose, you can use either a digital camera or a video camera.

Each point has its own code:

Black dot: 0, 0, 0;

White point: 255, 255, 255;

Brown: 153, 102, 51;

Etc. Each color has its own code (color code).

Table
matching colors to hexadecimal
RGB components .

Russian name	In English	Code / Сode
Snow-white	Snow	FFFAFA
Phantom white	Ghostwhite	F8F8FF
White-antique	Antique White	FAEBD7
Cream	Cream	FFFBF0
Peach	Peachpuff	FFDAB9
White-Navajo	Navajo White	FFDEAD
Silk shade	Cornsilk	FFF8DC
Ivory	Ivory	FFFFF0
Citric	Lemon Chiffon	FFFACD
Seashell	Seashell	FFF5EE
Honey	Honeydew	F0FFF0
Azure	Azure	F0FFFF
Pale lilac	Lavender	E6E6FA
Blue with a red tint	Lavender Blush	FFF0F5
Dull pink	Misty Rose	FFE4E1
White	White (*)	FFFFFF
Black	Black (*)	000000
Dull gray	Dim Gray	696969
Slate gray	Slate Gray	708090
Slate gray	Light Slate Gray	778899
Grey	Gray	BEBEBE
Light gray	Light Gray	C0C0C0
Gray neutral	Medium Gray	A0A0A4
Dark grey	Dark Gray	808080
Midnight blue	Midnight Blue	191970
Dark blue	Navy (*), Dark Blue	000080
Cornflower	Cornflower	6495ED
Slate blue	Slate Blue	6A5ACD
Light slate blue	Light Slate Blue	8470FF
Royal Blue	Royal Blue	4169E1
Blue	Blue	0000FF
Sky blue	Sky Blue	87CEEB
Sky blue light	Light Sky Blue	87CEFA
Blue with steel shade	Steel Blue	4682B4
Blue with steel shade	Light Steel Blue	B0C4DE
Light blue	Light Blue	A6CAF0
Blue with powder shade	Powder Blue	B0E0E6
Pale turquoise	Pale Turquoise	AFEEEE
Turquoise	Turquoise	40E0D0
Greenish blue	Cyan (*)	00FFFF
Light cyan	Light Cyan	E0FFFF
Dark cyan	Dark Cyan	008080
Gray blue	Cadet Blue	5F9EA0
Aquamarine	Aquamarine	7FFFD4
Aquamarine	Seagreen	54FF9F
Aquamarine, light	Light Seagreen	20B2AA
Pale green	Pale Green	98FB98
Spring green	Spring Green	00FF7F
Green lawn	Lawn Green	7CFC00
Green	Green (*)	00FF00
Medium green	Medium Green	C0DCC0
Dark green	Dark Green	008000
Greenish yellow	Chartreuse	7FFF00
Green-yellow	Green Yellow	ADFF2F
Lemon green	Lime Green	32CD32
Yellow-green	Yellow Green	9ACD32
Forest green	Forest Green	228B22
Khaki	Forest Green	F0E68C
Pale golden	Pale Goldenrod	EEE8AA
Light yellow golden	Light Goldenrod Yellow	FAFAD2
Light yellow	Light Yellow	FFFFE0
Yellow	Yellow (*)	FFFF00
Dark yellow	Dark Yellow	808000
Gold	Gold	FFD700
Light golden	Light Goldenrod	FFEC8B
Golden	Goldenrod	DAA520
Yellowish	Burly Wood	DEB887
Pink brown	Rosy Brown	BC8F8F
Leather brown	Saddle Brown	8B4513
Ocher	Sienna	A0522D
Beige	Beige	F5F5DC
Wheat	Wheat	F5DEB3
Tan	Tan	D2B48C
Chocolate	Chocolate	D2691E
Brick	Firebrick	B22222
Brown	Brown	A52A2A
Somon	Salmon	FA8072
Light somon	Light Salmon	FFA07A
Orange	Orange	FFA500
Coral	Coral	FF7F50
Coral light	Light Coral	F08080
Orange-red	Orange Red	FF4500
Red	Red (*)	FF0000
Dark red	Dark Red	800000
Warm pink	Hot Pink	FF69B4
Pink	Pink	FFC0CB
Light pink	Light Pink	FFB6C1
Red-violet pale	Pale Violet Red	DB7093
Maroon	Maroon (*)	B03060

For successful “communication” with a computer, it is harmful to perceive it as a black box that is about to produce something unexpected. To understand the computer's reaction to your actions, you need to know how it works and how it works.

In thatIn the IT lesson we will learn how most computing devices (which include not only personal computers) work.

What processes all the information in a computer?

The main task of a computer is process information, that is, perform calculations. Most of the calculations are performed by a special device - . This is a complex microcircuit containing hundreds of millions of elements (transistors).

What in this moment The program tells the processor what time to do; it indicates what data needs to be processed and what needs to be done with it.

Programs and data are loaded from the storage device (hard drive).

But HDD – relatively slow device, and if the processor waited until the information was read, and then written back after processing, it would remain idle for a long time.

Let's not leave the processor idle

Therefore, a faster storage device (random access memory, RAM) was installed between the processor and the hard drive. It's small printed circuit board, which contains fast memory chips.

Read into RAM in advance from hard drive All necessary programs and data. During work processor accesses RAM, reads the commands of the program, which tells what data needs to be taken and how exactly to process it.

When you turn off your computer, the contents of the RAM are not saved there (unlike the hard drive).

Information Processing Process

So now we know which devices are involved in information processing. Let's now look at the entire calculation process.

When the computer is turned off, all programs and data are stored on the hard drive. When you turn on the computer and starting the program, the following happens:

Input and output of information

In order for the computer to receive information for processing, it must be entered. For this purpose they are used input devices:

• Keyboard(using it we enter text and control the computer);
• Mouse(we use the mouse to control the computer);
• Scanner(put the image into the computer);
• Microphone(record sound), etc.

To display the result of information processing, we use data output devices:

• Monitor(display the image on the screen);
• Printer(we display the text and image on paper);
• Acustic systems or “speakers” (listening to sounds and music);

In addition, we can input and output data to other devices using:

• External drives(from them we copy existing data to the computer):
  • flash drive,
  • compact disc (CD or DVD),
  • Portable Hard Drive,
  • diskette;

• Computer network(we receive data from other computers via Internet or city network).

If we add input/output devices to our circuit, we get the following diagram:

That is the computer works with ones and zeroes, and when the information arrives at the output device, it translated into familiar images(image, sound).

Let's sum it up

So, today we, together with the site, found out how does a computer work. In short, the computer receives data from input devices (keyboard, mouse, etc.), stores it on the hard drive, then transfers it to RAM and processes it using the processor. The processing result is returned first to RAM, then either to the hard drive or directly to output devices (for example, a monitor).

If you have any questions, you can ask them in the comments to this article.

You can learn more about all the devices listed in today's lesson in subsequent lessons on the IT lessons website. In order not to miss new lessons, subscribe to the site news.

Copying prohibited

Let me remind you that the IT lessons website has constantly updated reference books:

Video supplement

Today is a short educational video about the production of processors.

P.S. In the next lesson - External device computer, description of external connectors, indicators and buttons. Do not miss!

Processing of information received by a computer occurs in the processor. What is he? This will be discussed in this article.

Computer processor: what is it?

The computer processor is the electronic unit, whose task is to execute machine instructions.

This integrated circuit is the main part of the device's hardware. It is designed for information processing. If you delve a little deeper into history, you can remember that previously the concept of “processing device” was used to describe a certain class of machines necessary for executing heavy computer programs. As technology developed, changes occurred in the concept, and the name of the whole device was transferred to its part. But such changes did not affect the essence. This did not affect the functionality in any way; it remained unchanged. Conducting an assessment of this device, the following parameters must be taken into account:

Performance;
Energy consumption;
clock frequency;
architecture and so on.

It is in this device that information processing is carried out.

Prospects It is worth noting that computers are constantly being improved. There is an opinion that processors will soon reach unprecedented heights, radically changing the material part.

The following options exist:

1. Molecular devices. They are expected to harness the power of molecules based on the arrangement of atoms in space.
2. Optical computers. Electrons used to transmit signals will be replaced by photons.
3. Quantum computers. The operation will be based on quantum effects.
To date, these versions are under careful consideration. This is exactly what scientists expect in the future.

The megahertz myth

It is worth saying a few words about the principles of data processing. Many users are of the opinion that performance depends on the clock speed. It is believed that it is higher in the case of higher processor performance. This is not entirely accurate. A similar statement is true for devices with the same architecture. In other cases, performance is influenced by other indicators besides the clock frequency.

The situation in the Russian Federation

What can this great country boast of in terms of computer technology at the moment? Today, many research centers in the electronics industry are concentrated in Ruselectronics. Holdin today specializes in the production of machinery, materials and equipment. Basically, specific products are manufactured there, but there is a high probability of entering the mass market.

Energy consumption

Often this parameter is a weak point of processors. For example, the first devices consumed very little power. When the number of transistors gradually increased and clock frequency increased, this parameter also increased. Today a processor is known that consumes about 130 watts. And this is far from the limit. With the development of computer technology, “monsters” are produced, which must be provided with greater resources.

Given the current situation, there is a need to reduce the energy consumption spent on processors. To do this, one should look for new materials, improve technological processes, reduce the voltage for powering the core, and also take other effective steps. In addition, sockets are known that have a large number of contacts. There are more than 1000 of them. Their task is to provide power to the processor.

The layout of the devices is also subject to changes. The crystal began to be placed on the outside, which facilitates the process of heat removal. Thanks to intelligent systems, it is possible to dynamically change the voltage, which will affect the core frequency, as well as individual processor units. Thus, what is not being used at a particular moment is temporarily disabled. It is worth remembering about energy-saving modes that can “put the processor to sleep” in case of low loads. All this is aimed at reducing energy consumption while working at the computer.

Working temperature

There is another important characteristic by which the functionality of the processor is assessed. We are talking about its operating temperature. This parameter is directly dependent on the degree of workload and the quality of heat removal. If the temperature exceeds the permissible maximum value, there is no guarantee of trouble-free operation. Many processors adequately perceive values ​​up to 85 ˚С. At higher temperatures, computer freezes and other problems are possible. As a rule, modern models provide the ability to monitor overheating. Therefore, there is a possibility that the computer will not fail.

Heat dissipation and heat dissipation

How can you reduce the negative effects of high temperature? What can be done to prevent it from rising above the set threshold? To remove heat, a cooling system with active coolers and passive radiators is used.

Temperature measurement and display

How does the device understand that it needs to change its own characteristics? A special sensor is installed in the central part of the lid, which monitors the temperature indicator. This is a thermal diode, transistor or thermistor with a closed collector and base.

Thus, it became clear that the computer processor is designed to process information. The article describes the characteristics and features of this device. In addition, future prospects are briefly outlined. Knowing the main characteristics, features and problems of the processor, you can avoid significant problems that could arise due to its fault.

a) external memory b) display; c) processor; d) keyboard.

20. MODEM- this device:

a) to store information;

b) to process information at a given time;

c) to transmit information via telephone communication channels;

d) to print information.

21. information output? a) RAM; b) display; c) mouse; d) keyboard,

22. What computer device is intended forentering information? a) printer; b) display; c) processor; d) keyboard.

2 3. RAM serves:

a) to store information;

b) for information processing;

c) to launch programs;

d) to process one program at a given time.

2 4. Plotter - this device:

a) to read graphic information;

b) for input;

c) for withdrawal;

d) to scan information.

25. External storage devices include:

a) processor; b) floppy disk:

c) monitor; d) hard drive. 2 6. A mouse is a device:

a) withdrawal;

c) reading information;

d) scanning information.

27. Specify the minimum required set of lipsA device designed to operate a computer:

a) printer, system unit, keyboard;

b) processor, RAM, monitor, keyboard;

c) processor, streamer, hard drive;

d) monitor, hard drive, keyboard, processor .

28. External memory serves:

a) to store operational, frequently changing information in the process of solving a problem;

b) for long-term storage of information, regardless of whether the computer is running or not;

c) for storing information inside a computer;

d) to process information at a given time.

What is an operating system

An operating system is a program that loads when you turn on your computer. It carries out a dialogue with the user, manages the computer, its resources (RAM, disk space, etc.), and launches other (application) programs for execution. The operating system provides the user and application programs with a convenient way to communicate (interface) with computer devices.

The main reason for the need for a program such as an operating system is that the basic operations for working with computer devices and managing computer resources are very low level operations, and the actions that are required by the user and application programs actually consist of several hundred or thousands of such elementary operations.

There are about a dozen floppy disk formats, and the operating system must be able to work with all of these formats. For the user, working with floppy disks of different formats should be carried out in exactly the same way;

A file on floppy disks occupies certain areas, and the user should not know anything about which ones. All functions for maintaining file allocation tables, searching for information in them, and allocating space for files on floppy disks are performed by the operating system, and the user can know nothing about them;

During operation of the copying program, several dozen different special situations may arise, for example, a failure when reading or writing information, the drives are not ready for reading or writing, there is no space on the floppy disk for the copied file, etc. For all these situations, it is necessary to provide appropriate messages and corrective actions. The operating system also performs auxiliary actions such as copying or printing files. In addition, the operating system loads all programs into RAM, transfers control to them at the beginning of their work, performs various auxiliary actions at the request of executing programs, and frees RAM occupied by programs when they terminate.

User dialogue with MS DOS

When MS DOS is ready for dialogue with the user, it displays a prompt on the screen, for example or C:\>

This means that MS DOS is ready to receive commands.

The user's dialogue with MS DOS is carried out in the form of commands. Each user command means that MS DOS must perform one or another action, for example, print a file or display a directory table of contents.

An MS DOS command consists of the command name and optionally parameters, separated by spaces. The MS DOS command name and parameters can be typed in both uppercase and lowercase Latin letters. Each command entry ends with a key press

Main components of MS DOS

The MS DOS operating system consists of the following parts.

The basic input/output system (BIOS), located in the computer's read-only memory (read-only memory, ROM). This part operating system is "built-in" into the computer. Its purpose is to perform the most simple and universal operating system services related to I/O. The Basic I/O system also contains a computer performance test that checks the operation of the computer's memory and devices when the computer's power is turned on. In addition, the basic input/output system contains a program that calls the operating system loader.

The operating system loader is a very short program located in the first sector of each floppy disk with the MS DOS operating system and hard drive (hard drive). The function of this program is to read two more operating system modules into memory, which complete the MS DOS boot process.

Disk files IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS (however, they may be called differently, for example IBMBIO.COM and IBMDOS.COM, the names change depending on the version of the operating system). They are loaded into memory by the operating system loader and remain in the computer’s memory constantly. The IO.SYS file is an addition to the basic I/O system in ROM. The MSDOS.SYS file implements the basic high-level services of MS DOS.

The MS DOS command processor processes commands entered by the user. The command processor is located in the COMMAND.COM disk file on the disk from which the operating system boots. Some user commands, such as type.dir or copy, are executed by the shell itself. Such commands are called internal. To execute other (external) user commands, the command processor searches the disks for a program with the appropriate name, and if it finds it, it loads it into memory and transfers control to it. At the end of the program, the command processor deletes the program from memory and displays a message indicating that it is ready to execute commands (MS DOS prompt).

External MS DOS commands are programs supplied with the operating system as separate files. Such programs perform maintenance actions, such as formatting floppy disks, checking disks, etc.

Device drivers are special programs that complement the MS DOS input/output system and provide servicing for new devices or non-standard use of existing devices. For example, with the help of drivers it is possible to work with an “electronic disk”, i.e. a part of the computer’s memory that can be worked with just like with a disk. Drivers are loaded into the computer's memory when the operating system boots, their names are indicated in a special CONFIG.SYS file. This scheme makes it easy to add new devices and allows you to do this without affecting system files MS DOS.

MS DOS boots up automatically when you turn on the computer's power, when you press the "Reset" key on the computer case (not all computer models have such a key), as well as when you simultaneously press the (Ctrl), (Alt) and (Del) keys on keyboard. To perform the initial MS DOS boot, it is necessary that a floppy disk with the MS DOS operating system is installed on drive A for floppy disks, or that the computer has a hard drive (hard drive) with the MS DOS operating system recorded on it. As a rule, on hard disks The MS DOS operating system is written by the computer supplier.

At the beginning of the boot, hardware check programs located in the computer's permanent memory run. If they find an error, they display an error code on the screen. If the error is not critical (i.e., allowing the work to continue), then the user is given the opportunity to continue the boot process by pressing the (F1) key on the keyboard. If the fault is critical, the loading process is stopped. In any case, the situation and the error code issued should be reported to computer service specialists.

After the hardware test programs finish running, the boot program tries to read the operating system loader program from the disk installed on drive A. If there is no floppy disk on drive A, then the operating system will be loaded from the hard drive. If drive A does not contain a floppy disk with the operating system, but some other floppy disk, an error message will be displayed

Non-system disk or disk error

Replace and strike any key when ready

(non-system disk or disk error.

Replace the disk and press any key)

You should put the floppy disk with the operating system on drive A if you want to boot the computer from the floppy disk, or open the drive door or remove the floppy disk from the drive if you want to boot the computer from the hard drive (hard drive). After this, press any alphanumeric key, space or (Enter) to continue the download process.

MS DOS Commands Overview

Below are brief information about MS DOS commands: names and descriptions of the commands. This information gives only a very general idea of ​​what MS DOS commands do.

There are two types of MS DOS commands: internal and external.

Internal commands are executed by the MS DOS processor itself (the COMMAND.C program. These commands are as follows:

BREAK - set the combination input verification mode (Cntrl-C).

CD - change the current directory or show the name of the current directory.

CLS - clear monitor screen.

COPY-copying files.

CTTY - change the input/output device for MS DOS commands.

DATE - get or change the current date.

DEL - file deletion.

DIR - List the files in a directory.

ECHO - issue a message from a batch command file.

EXIT - end the operation of the COMMAND.COM command processor.

FOR organization of loops.

GOTO jump to a label in a batch command file.

IF condition check in a batch file.

MD - create a new directory.

PATH - set the list of directories to search for commands.

PAUSE - pause the execution of a batch batch file.

PROMPT - set the MS DOS prompt type.

REM comment in a batch file.

REN - change file name.

RD - remove directory.

SET - set an environment variable.

SHIFT-shift of batch command file parameter numbers.

TIME - Get or set the current time.

TYPE-file viewing (file input on the screen).

VER—give the MS DOS version number.

VERIFY - set or cancel the mode for checking the correctness of writing to the disk.

VOL-disc label output.

External MS DOS commands are programs supplied with the operating system in the form of separate files. These commands are:

APPEND—specify additional directories to search for data.

ASSIGH - assign a different logical name (letter) to the drive.

ATTRIB - Set or show file attributes.

BACKUP - create archive copies of files.

CHKDSK checks the disk for correct file system.

COMMAND - launch the MS DOS command processor.

DEBUG-viewing, changing, disassembling files.

DISKCOMP - comparison of floppy disks.

DISKCOPY - copying floppy disks.

EDLIN is a primitive text editor.

EXE2BIN - Converts an EXE file to binary code.

FASTOPEN - speed up file opening.

FC file comparison.

FDISK hard disk partitioning.

FIND-search for substrings in files.

FORMAT-formatting (initializing) the disk.

GRAFHICS - preparation for printing a graphic copy of the screen.

LABEL - find out or set the disc label.

LINK link editor.

MD - create a new directory.

MODE—set device operating modes.

MORE-paged display on the monitor screen.

PRINT printing of text files on a printer in the “background” mode.

RECOVER - restore a file containing “bad” sections.

REPLACE - replace files with their new versions.

SHARE - set multi-user mode for using files.

SORT-sorting of data.

SUBST - Replace the directory name with the drive designation.

SYS - Copy system files to disk.

TREE - display the directory structure on the disk.

XCOPY-copying files (has more features than COPY)

Assignment: Describe the process of creating the specified directory tree. Create a test file Address and Details in the specified folders. Glue them together and place them in the specified folder. Rename it to file General. Destroy all created folders and directories.

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“Personal computer device” - Printer. System unit. The printer is used to output information onto paper media (paper). Basic PC configuration. The mouse is a “graphical” control device. System unit; Monitor; Keyboard; Mouse. What does "personal computer" mean? There are two types of scanners: hand-held flatbed. Webcam.

“Basic computer devices” - System unit. They differ in the number and location of keys, shape (regular, ergonomic, folding), type contact group and so on.. Acoustic system (sound speakers or stereo headphones) Audio output device. Basic devices personal computer. Monitor (display) A device for displaying text and graphic information.

“Computer and its devices” - Indicate devices that are not information input devices: Numerical information text information audio information graphic information. Which device has the slowest data transfer speed? The information capacity of standard CD-ROM discs can reach... List the actions that can be performed with the information.