What program can open the .LAY file? We draw boards in Sprint-Layout correctly from the first steps. Printed circuit boards of amplifiers in lay format
Multimedia amplifier based on TDA1554 2.1
This amplifier is designed to create a 2.1 system, i.e. 2 broadband amplifiers + 1 more powerful, designed to reproduce only low-frequency signals.
The schematic diagram of the amplifier is shown in Figure 1, the drawing of the printed circuit board is shown in Figure 2 (not to scale). Take the drawing from lay format Can .
Picture 1.
Figure 2. DOWNLOAD THE BOARD IN LAY
PRINTED BOARD FOR HIGH QUALITY POWER AMPLIFIER
This multimedia amplifier is designed to create an average audio system intended for use in stationary conditions.
The amplifier is based on the popular TDA2030 and not very popular TDA2052 microcircuits. Well, since we’re talking about these microcircuits, it’s better to dwell in more detail on each of them.
According to the reference book, the TDA2030 belongs to the category of Hi-Fi amplifiers, but this is said too loudly - its sound is somewhat not Hi-Fi. Its more powerful brother, the TDA2050, sounds much more pleasant. In terms of pinout, it completely coincides with the TDA2030, so a replacement can be made without changing almost anything on the printed circuit board.
The schematic diagram of the amplifier on the TDA2030 chip is shown in Figure 1, in Figure 2 - TDA2050 - figures imported from the datasheet. The only thing that has been changed in the circuit is that there are no diodes from the m/s output to the plus or minus supply. These diodes are used to reduce the self-inductance of the dynamic head, and use this diagram Few people would dare to use heads with a “heavy” diffuser, so the diodes were simply excluded from the circuit. A large batch of boards produced without these diodes showed that the amplifier works as stably as with them, i.e. there was no influence on the operation of the circuit.
Picture 1.
Figure 2.
Of course, the ratings in the OOS circuit are different, but their ratio is almost the same, which means kof. they have the same gain. In addition, the TDA2050 OOS version is more preferable, since more current flows through smaller resistors, therefore it is less critical to interference and external interference. And one more thing - we allowed ourselves to bypass R5 with a 100 kOhm resistor and a 100 pF capacitor connected in series. This increases the stability of the amplifier and ensures a reduction in the cof. gain at frequencies above 20 kHz.
The power supply of the amplifier is chosen to be unipolar, since there is almost no deterioration in sound quality, but this fact opens up additional horizons:
- there is some saving of electrolytic capacitors in terms of power supply;
- when creating a multimedia amplifier using bipolar power supply, the positive “branch” of the power supply is used to power the mid-HF link as an amplifier with unipolar power supply, and the positive and negative “branches” are used to power the amplifier for the subwoofer. Thus, the circuit design of the amplifier is quite simplified.
If you don’t want to bother with bipolarity, then you can use bridge connection of microcircuits, just let’s make allowance for the fact that in bridge connection much more power is required from the microcircuit. For example, when using the MF-HF link with the TDA2030, the bridge amplifier must be used with the TDA2050, but if the MF-HF amplifiers are based on the TDA2050 chip, then the bridge amplifier must be based on the TDA2052.
Figure 3 shows a sketch of the printed circuit board for one TDA2030.
Figure 3. DOWNLOAD TO LAY
Well, a few words about the amplifier based on the TDA2052 chip. This is an integrated power amplifier that allows you to develop up to 40 W at a 4 Ohm load. The circuit diagram of the amplifier is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4.
This is an amplifier with two inputs, but to simplify the design, the second input is simply not used. A sketch of the printed circuit board is shown in Figure 5. In Figure 6 there is a sketch of the TDA2052 bridge connection, and in Figure 7 there is a sketch of the printed circuit board of the multimedia amplifier itself on the TDA2030 (TDA2050) and bridge amplifier on TDA2052.
The power amplifier circuit board drawing is one for all - DOWNLOAD.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Integrated four-channel power amplifiers.
How to quickly assemble a 4-channel amplifier, and at the same time not be afraid to repair automotive equipment, will be explained here...
We will talk about a number of microcircuits that have one connection diagram, but different characteristics. Of course, they also have the same signet. Well, let's start in order:
In automotive technology, TDA7381, TDA7382, TDA7383, TDA7384, TDA7385, TDA7386 microcircuits are often used, and TDA7560 is somewhat less common. All these miracles practically have the same switching circuit shown in Figure 1, but their characteristics differ somewhat, which is actually reflected in Table 1.
Picture 1.
TABLE 1.
| PARAMETER |
PARAMETER FOR THE CHIP |
||||||
| Type of shell |
FLEXIWATT25 |
||||||
| Gain coefficient, dB | |||||||
| Supply voltage, V | |||||||
| Output power at THD 10% |
25 45 |
||||||
| Output power at THD 1% |
19 34 |
||||||
| Maximum output power (a rectangular signal with an amplitude of 100 mV is supplied to the input), this is exactly what is written on the “faces” of the radio tape recorders. |
50 80 |
||||||
| THD, %, at P=4W | |||||||
| Input impedance, kOhm | |||||||
| Diagnostics, pin 25 enabled. | |||||||
| Voltage at the MUTE and St-By control inputs to enable operating mode, not less than, V | |||||||
| The parameters for a 2 Ohm load are indicated in blue, please note - only the TDA7560 (!) can operate at 2 Ohms | |||||||
| One nuance is indicated in pink - these microcircuits have a diagnostic output, which is fed to the central processor, and if it is used in the radio, then the microcircuit can only be replaced with one that has a diagnostic output, otherwise the CPU simply will not give permission to operate the volume and tone control, and some may not won’t turn on... Well, for the manufacture of a separate amplifier this does not matter. | |||||||
Well, what kind of mikruhi are sorted out, now the printed circuit boards for this four-channel:
Figure 2.
Figure 2 shows a sketch of a printed circuit board, a drawing in lay format, in jpg; in jpg, the drawing is already expanded, i.e. prepared for laser iron. Jumper J1 is spaced apart in height, I just didn’t want to drag ultra-thin traces between the pins, and making a double-sided board for such a primitive is also not serious... You can read a little more about the TDA7384 and TDA7560.
The microcircuits heat up quite well, even though the operating temperature is more than 100 degrees. cel. It’s better not to skimp on the radiator.
And finally, a few words about the miracle that I was able to see, namely the very original use of the TDA7560 amplifier in a car. 4 25GDN speakers are installed in a completely flat housing, the height of which is approximately 170 mm. The length and width are adjusted to the size of the classic trunk. A bass reflex is installed. The speakers are connected in pairs in parallel, i.e. load 2 Ohms and connected to two outputs of the TDA7560. The remaining pair of outputs are connected to paired JBLs with a diameter of 160 mm, i.e. Another stereo set of 2 ohms installed in the rear parcel shelf. Front speakers from JVC head.
I really liked the way of thinking of this handyman - there is no pipe of the wrong size lying around the trunk, there is order in the car 200 real watts and this is without any converters... True, the radiator of the world-crux from some kind of stationary amplifier is similar to Lortov's, only it seems to be higher...
PRINTED BOARD FOR MULTIMEDIA AMPLIFIER ON TDA1554 & TDA1562
This multimedia amplifier is designed to create an average audio system and can be used both in a car and in a hospital.
The main disadvantage of the system is the somewhat underestimated rating of the voltage boost capacitors, although the circuit diagrams of both amplifiers are taken from the datasheet - Figures 1 and 2.
Picture 1.
Figure 2.
In reality, the low-frequency sound becomes much better when using C1 and C2 at 10000 µF, but they did not bring the board to perfection...
By the way, there’s no harm in making a separate amplifier based on the TDA1554 or TDA1562 by slightly adjusting the board.
Figure 3 shows a drawing of the board (not to scale), the same in lay format.
Figure 3.
You can see more details about how much power a power supply is needed for a power amplifier in the video below. The STONECOLD amplifier is taken as an example, but this measurement makes it clear that the power of the network transformer may be less than the power of the amplifier by about 30%.
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Updated: 04/27/2016
An excellent amplifier for home can be assembled using the TDA7294 chip. If you are not strong in electronics, then such an amplifier is ideal; it does not require fine tuning and debugging like a transistor amplifier and is easy to build, unlike a tube amplifier.
The TDA7294 microcircuit has been in production for 20 years and has still not lost its relevance and is still in demand among radio amateurs. For a novice radio amateur, this article will be a good help in getting to know integrated audio amplifiers.
In this article I will try to describe in detail the design of the amplifier on the TDA7294. I will focus on a stereo amplifier assembled according to the usual circuit (1 microcircuit per channel) and will briefly talk about the bridge circuit (2 microcircuits per channel).
TDA7294 chip and its features
TDA7294 is the brainchild of SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics, this chip is an AB class low-frequency amplifier, and is built on field-effect transistors.
The advantages of the TDA7294 include the following:
- output power, with distortion 0.3–0.8%:
- 70 W for 4 ohm load, conventional circuit;
- 120 W for 8 ohm load, bridge circuit;
- Mute function and Stand-By function;
- low noise level, low distortion, frequency range 20–20000 Hz, wide range operating voltages - ±10–40 V.
Specifications
| Technical characteristics of the TDA7294 chip | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Conditions | Minimum | Typical | Maximum | Units |
| Supply voltage | ±10 | ±40 | IN | ||
| Frequency range | Signal 3 db Output power 1W |
20-20000 | Hz | ||
| Long-term output power (RMS) | harmonic coefficient 0.5%: Up = ±35 V, Rн = 8 Ohm Up = ±31 V, Rн = 6 Ohm Up = ±27 V, Rн = 4 Ohm |
60 60 60 |
70 70 70 |
W | |
| Peak music output power (RMS), duration 1 sec. | harmonic factor 10%: Up = ±38 V, Rн = 8 Ohm Up = ±33 V, Rн = 6 Ohm Up = ±29 V, Rн = 4 Ohm |
100 100 100 |
W | ||
| Total harmonic distortion | Po = 5W; 1kHz Po = 0.1–50W; 20–20000Hz |
0,005 | 0,1 | % | |
| Up = ±27 V, Rн = 4 Ohm: Po = 5W; 1kHz Po = 0.1–50W; 20–20000Hz |
0,01 | 0,1 | % | ||
| Protection response temperature | 145 | °C | |||
| Quiescent current | 20 | 30 | 60 | mA | |
| Input impedance | 100 | kOhm | |||
| Voltage Gain | 24 | 30 | 40 | dB | |
| Peak output current | 10 | A | |||
| Operating temperature range | 0 | 70 | °C | ||
| Case thermal resistance | 1,5 | °C/W | |||
Pin assignment
| Pin assignment of the TDA7294 chip | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| IC output | Designation | Purpose | Connection |
| 1 | Stby-GND | "Signal Ground" | "General" |
| 2 | In- | Inverting input | Feedback |
| 3 | In+ | Non-inverting input | Audio input via coupling capacitor |
| 4 | In+Mute | "Signal Ground" | "General" |
| 5 | N.C. | Not used | – |
| 6 | Bootstrap | "Voltage boost" | Capacitor |
| 7 | +Vs | Input stage power supply (+) | |
| 8 | -Vs | Input stage power supply (-) | |
| 9 | Stby | Standby mode | Control block |
| 10 | Mute | Mute mode | |
| 11 | N.C. | Not used | – |
| 12 | N.C. | Not used | – |
| 13 | +PwVs | Output stage power supply (+) | Positive terminal (+) of the power supply |
| 14 | Out | Exit | Audio output |
| 15 | -PwVs | Output stage power supply (-) | Negative terminal (-) of the power supply |
Note. The microcircuit body is connected to the power supply negative (pins 8 and 15). Do not forget about insulating the radiator from the amplifier body or insulating the microcircuit from the radiator by installing it through a thermal pad.
I would also like to note that in my circuit (as well as in the datasheet) there is no separation of input and output lands. Therefore, in the description and in the diagram, the definitions of “general”, “ground”, “housing”, GND should be perceived as concepts of the same sense.
The difference is in the cases
The TDA7294 chip is available in two types - V (vertical) and HS (horizontal). The TDA7294V, having a classic vertical body design, was the first to roll off the production line and is still the most common and affordable.
Complex of protections
The TDA7294 chip has a number of protections:
- protection against power surges;
- protection of the output stage from short circuit or overload;
- thermal protection. When the microcircuit heats up to 145 °C, the mute mode is activated, and at 150 °C the standby mode is activated;
- protection of microcircuit pins from electrostatic discharges.
Power amplifier on TDA7294
A minimum of parts in the harness, a simple printed circuit board, patience and known good parts will allow you to easily assemble an inexpensive TDA7294 UMZCH with clear sound and good power for home use.
You can connect this amplifier directly to the line output sound card computer, because The nominal input voltage of the amplifier is 700 mV. A rated voltage level line output sound card is regulated within 0.7–2 V.
Amplifier block diagram
The diagram shows a version of a stereo amplifier. The structure of the amplifier using a bridge circuit is similar - there are also two boards with TDA7294.
- A0. power unit
- A1. Control unit for Mute and Stand-By modes
- A2. UMZCH (left channel)
- A3. UMZCH (right channel)
Pay attention to the connection of the blocks. Improper wiring inside the amplifier may cause additional interference. To minimize noise as much as possible, follow several rules:
- Power must be supplied to each amplifier board using a separate harness.
- The power wires must be twisted into a braid (harness). This will compensate magnetic fields created by current flowing through conductors. We take three wires (“+”, “-”, “Common”) and weave them into a pigtail with a slight tension.
- Avoid ground loops. This is a situation where a common conductor, connecting blocks, forms a closed circuit (loop). The connection of the common wire must go in series from the input connectors to the volume control, from it to the UMZCH board and then to the output connectors. It is advisable to use connectors isolated from the housing. And for input circuits there are also shielded and insulated wires.
List of parts for TDA7294 power supply:
When purchasing a transformer, please note that the effective voltage value is written on it - U D, and by measuring it with a voltmeter you will also see the effective value. At the output after the rectifier bridge, the capacitors are charged to the amplitude voltage - U A. The amplitude and effective voltages are related by the following relationship:
U A = 1.41 × U D
According to the characteristics of the TDA7294, for a load with a resistance of 4 Ohms, the optimal supply voltage is ±27 volts (U A). The output power at this voltage will be 70 W. This is the optimal power for the TDA7294 - the distortion level will be 0.3–0.8%. There is no point in increasing the power supply to increase power because... the level of distortion increases like an avalanche (see graph).
We calculate required voltage each secondary winding of the transformer:
U D = 27 ÷ 1.41 ≈ 19 V
I have a transformer with two secondary windings, with a voltage of 20 volts on each winding. Therefore, in the diagram I designated the power terminals as ± 28 V.
To obtain 70 W per channel, taking into account the efficiency of the microcircuit of 66%, we calculate the power of the transformer:
P = 70 ÷ 0.66 ≈ 106 VA
Accordingly, for two TDA7294 this is 212 VA. The nearest standard transformer, with a margin, will be 250 VA.
It is appropriate to state here that the transformer power is calculated for a pure sinusoidal signal, for a real musical sound amendments are possible. So, Igor Rogov claims that for a 50 W amplifier, a 60 VA transformer will be sufficient.
The high-voltage part of the power supply (before the transformer) is assembled on a 35x20 mm printed circuit board; it can also be mounted:
Low voltage part (A0 according to structural diagram) assembled on a 115×45 mm printed circuit board:
All amplifier boards are available in one.
This power supply for the TDA7294 is designed for two chips. For more microcircuits will have to replace the diode bridge and increase the capacitance of the capacitors, which will entail a change in the dimensions of the board.
Control unit for Mute and Stand-By modes
The TDA7294 chip has a Stand-By mode and a Mute mode. These functions are controlled through pins 9 and 10, respectively. The modes will be enabled as long as there is no voltage on these pins or it is less than +1.5 V. To “wake up” the microcircuit, it is enough to apply a voltage greater than +3.5 V to pins 9 and 10.
To simultaneously control all UMZCH boards (especially important for bridge circuits) and save radio components, there is a reason to assemble a separate control unit (A1 according to the block diagram):
Parts list for control box:
- Diode (VD1). 1N4001 or similar.
- Capacitors (C1, C2). Polar electrolytic, domestic K50-35 or imported, 47 uF 25 V.
- Resistors (R1–R4). Ordinary low-power ones.
The printed circuit board of the block has dimensions of 35×32 mm:
The control unit's task is to provide silent switching on and turning off the amplifier using the Stand-By and Mute modes.
The operating principle is as follows. When the amplifier is turned on, along with the capacitors of the power supply, capacitor C2 of the control unit is also charged. Once it is charged, Stand-By mode will turn off. It takes a little longer for capacitor C1 to charge, so Mute mode will turn off second.
When the amplifier is disconnected from the network, capacitor C1 discharges first through diode VD1 and turns on the Mute mode. Then capacitor C2 discharges and sets the Stand-By mode. The microcircuit becomes silent when the power supply capacitors have a charge of about 12 volts, so no clicks or other sounds are heard.
Amplifier based on TDA7294 according to the usual circuit
The microcircuit's connection circuit is non-inverting, the concept corresponds to the original one from the datasheet, only the component values have been changed to improve the sound characteristics.
Parts List:
- Capacitors:
- C1. Film, 0.33–1 µF.
- C2, C3. Electrolytic, 100-470 µF 50 V.
- C4, C5. Film, 0.68 µF 63 V.
- C6, C7. Electrolytic, 1000 µF 50 V.
- Resistors:
- R1. Variable dual with linear characteristic.
- R2–R4. Ordinary low-power ones.
Resistor R1 is double because stereo amplifier. Resistance of no more than 50 kOhm with a linear rather than logarithmic characteristic for smooth volume control.
Circuit R2C1 is a high-pass filter (HPF) that suppresses frequencies below 7 Hz without passing them to the amplifier input. Resistors R2 and R4 must be equal to ensure stable operation of the amplifier.
Resistors R3 and R4 organize a negative circuit feedback(OOS) and set the gain:
Ku = R4 ÷ R3 = 22 ÷ 0.68 ≈ 32 dB
According to the datasheet, the gain should be in the range of 24–40 dB. If it is less, the microcircuit will self-excite; if it is more, distortion will increase.
Capacitor C2 is involved in the OOS circuit, it is better to take it from larger capacity to reduce its impact on low frequencies. Capacitor C3 provides an increase in the supply voltage of the output stages of the microcircuit - “voltage boost”. Capacitors C4, C5 eliminate noise introduced by wires, and C6, C7 supplement the filter capacity of the power supply. All amplifier capacitors, except C1, must have a voltage reserve, so we take 50 V.
The amplifier's printed circuit board is single-sided, quite compact - 55x70 mm. When developing it, the goal was to separate the “ground” with a star, ensure versatility and at the same time maintain minimal dimensions. I think this is one of the smallest boards for TDA7294. This board is designed for installation of one microcircuit. For the stereo option, accordingly, you will need two boards. They can be installed side by side or one above the other like mine. I’ll tell you more about versatility a little later.
The radiator, as you can see, is indicated on one board, and the second, similar one, is attached to it from above. Photos will be a little further.
Amplifier based on TDA7294 using a bridge circuit
A bridge circuit is a pairing of two conventional amplifiers with some adjustments. This circuit solution is designed for connecting acoustics with a resistance of not 4, but 8 ohms! Acoustics are connected between the amplifier outputs.
There are only two differences from the usual scheme:
- the input capacitor C1 of the second amplifier is connected to ground;
- added feedback resistor (R5).
The printed circuit board is also a combination of amplifiers according to the usual circuit. Board size – 110×70 mm.
Universal board for TDA7294
As you have already noticed, the above boards are essentially the same. The following version of the printed circuit board fully confirms the versatility. On this board you can assemble a 2x70 W stereo amplifier (regular circuit) or a 1x120 W mono amplifier (bridged). Board size – 110×70 mm.
Note. To use this board in a bridge version, you need to install resistor R5 and install jumper S1 in a horizontal position. In the figure, these elements are shown as dotted lines.
For a conventional circuit, resistor R5 is not needed, and the jumper must be installed in a vertical position.
Assembly and adjustment
Assembling the amplifier will not pose any particular difficulties. The amplifier does not require any adjustment as such and will work immediately, provided that everything is assembled correctly and the microcircuit is not defective.
Before first use:
- Make sure the radio components are installed correctly.
- Check that the power wires are connected correctly, do not forget that on my amplifier board the ground is not centered between plus and minus, but on the edge.
- Make sure that the microcircuits are isolated from the radiator; if not, then check that the radiator is not in contact with ground.
- Apply power to each amplifier in turn, so there is a chance you won’t burn out all the TDA7294 at once.
First start:
- We do not connect the load (acoustics).
- We connect the amplifier inputs to ground (connect X1 to X2 on the amplifier board).
- We serve food. If everything is fine with the fuses in the power supply and nothing smokes, then the launch was a success.
- Using a multimeter we check the absence of constant and AC voltage at the amplifier output. Minor is allowed constant pressure, no more than ±0.05 volts.
- Turn off the power and check the chip body for heating. Be careful, the capacitors in the power supply take a long time to discharge.
- Through variable resistor(R1 according to the diagram) give a sound signal. Turn on the amplifier. The sound should appear with a slight delay, and disappear immediately when turned off; this characterizes the operation of the control unit (A1).
Conclusion
I hope this article will help you build a high-quality amplifier using the TDA7294. Finally, I present a few photos of the assembly process, do not pay attention to the quality of the board, the old PCB is unevenly etched. Based on the assembly results, some edits were made, so the boards in the .lay file are slightly different from the boards in the photographs.
The amplifier was made for a good friend, he came up with and implemented such an original housing. Photos of the assembled stereo amplifier on the TDA7294:
On a note: All printed circuit boards are collected in one file. To switch between “signatures”, click on the tabs as shown in the figure.
list of files
Despite the simplicity of this program, I am often asked to write an article on it. But I had no time for everything. Therefore, he took on the role of Captain Obvious Sailanser. Having completed this titanic work. I just corrected it and added some details here and there.
Everyone has probably known the program for making printed circuit boards entitled Sprint-Layout, on this moment latest version proudly called 5.0
The program itself is very simple and does not require much time to master, but allows you to make boards of fairly high quality.
As I said, the program itself is quite simple, but it has many buttons and menus to help us in our work. Therefore, we will divide our lesson in drawing a board into several parts.
In the first part, we will get acquainted with the program and find out where and what is hidden in it. In the second part, we will draw a simple board that will contain, for example, a couple of microcircuits in DIP packages (and we will make these microcircuits with complete zero), several resistors and capacitors, we will also look at such an interesting feature of the program as Macro creator and use it to make a microcircuit package, for example TQFP-32.
I will also show you how to draw a board from a picture or photograph.
Part 1: What and where we hide and how it helps us in drawing a printed circuit board.
After we found the program, downloaded it, unpacked it from the archive and launched it, we see this window.
First, let's see what's hidden behind the File inscription.
We click on this inscription, and immediately we have a drop-down menu.
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- New,Open,Save,Save as, Printer settings..., Seal…, Exit Everything is clear with this brethren. This is not the first day we’ve been sitting in Windows.
- Save as macro... This option allows us to save a selected fragment of a diagram or other parts as a macro, which has the .lmk extension, so as not to repeat the steps to create them again in the future.
- Autosave.. In this option, you can configure autosaving of our files with the .bak extension and set the required interval in minutes.
- Export In this option, we can export to one of the formats, i.e. save our scarf as a picture, as a gerbera file for further transfer to production, save as an Excellon drilling file, and also save as contour files for subsequent creation of a scarf using a CNC machine. Usually useful in preparation for factory production.
- Directories... In this option we can configure parameters for working with the program, such as keyboard shortcuts for file locations, macros, layer colors, etc., etc.
Let's move on to the next item: Editor
The next item we have is Action
Next on our list is Options.
So, the first point is to set up the basic parameters. We can specify the length units in our case mm, specify the color of the hole in the pad, in our case it coincides with the background color and will be black; if later our background is red, then the color of the hole in the pad will also be red. You can also just select the hole color as white, and it will be white no matter what the background is.
The second item we have is Virtual nodes and routes. This item, if it is checked, gives a very interesting property in the program, it places several virtual nodes on the conductor on which we draw.
And the program will automatically add several more virtual nodes in the areas between the real nodes, and we have the opportunity to further edit our track. This can be very convenient when you have to drag, for example, a third track between two already laid ones.
Mirror macros and text on the reverse side
If this item is activated, then when inserting text or a macro onto a layer, the program itself will see if it is mirrored or not, so that later the details or inscriptions will be correctly displayed on our finished board.
The next item we have is Board Map, this item has one interesting trick: if it is activated, then a small window appears on the left side of our program.
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It’s like a smaller copy of our scarf; it’s up to everyone to decide whether to include it or not; it’s up to me personally. Fans of the RTS genre will also appreciate it :)
Pop-up windows are basically all sorts of hints in the program - obviously.
Limit font height (min 0.15mm)
This is the checkbox that many beginners and not only users of this program are looking for; if it is checked, then when we make inscriptions on the board or on elements, we cannot make the size of the letters less than 1.5 mm. So if you need to put text somewhere smaller than 1.5 mm, I recommend removing it. But when sending it to production, this must be taken into account. Not everywhere they can print silk-screen printing of such low resolution.
Let's go further and see another interesting point, namely Ctrl+ mouse to remember parameters of selected objects, if this item is activated, then one interesting thing appears. For example, we drew two contact pads and laid a track between them, say 0.6 mm wide, then we did something else and something else and in the end we simply forgot what the width of this track was. Of course, you can just click on it and in the track width setting we will see its width,
here, instead of 0.55, our width will become 0.60, but then adjusting the slider to the right of the number in order to adjust the width to 0.6 is lazy, but if we click on the same track with the Ctrl button held down, then our value is 0, 6 will immediately be remembered in this window and a new path, we will draw with a thickness of 0.6 mm.
Using increments of 0.3937 instead of 0.4.
The translation is of course very clumsy in the original, this item is written like this: HPGL-Skalierung mit Faktor 0.3937 statt 0.4 in general, this item is responsible for creating an HPGL file for subsequent transfer to a coordinate machine, and indicates whether to use one decimal place or, depending on the machine, use four characters after the comma.
We are done with the first point and now let’s move on to the second point of our window, it’s called Colors and let’s see what’s hiding there.
There’s nothing special here either, we’re just pointing out the paths to where and what we have, this setting occurs if we install a program from a distribution downloaded from the official website, but since the program works great for us without any installation, then we simply don’t have to change anything and move on.
Here, too, everything is quite simple and we simply indicate the number by how long the program can roll back changes for us, if something was messed up when drawing our board, I set the maximum number to 50.
Let's move on to the next point, and it's called I max they show movies in 3D format
In it we see keyboard shortcuts for certain operations and if there is anything we can change them, although I didn’t really bother with this and left everything as it is by default.
We are done with the Settings item and let's look at the rest of the options in the drop-down menu Options
Properties
If we select this item, a window will open on the right side of the program
Which will allow us to control our drawn scarf, set restriction gaps, etc. An extremely convenient and extremely necessary thing. Especially when sending boards to production, and even in handicraft conditions it comes in handy. The point is. For example, we set a minimum gap of 0.3mm and a minimum track of no less than 0.2mm, and during the DRC check the program will find all the places where these standards are not met. And if they are not fulfilled, then there may be mistakes in the manufacture of the board. For example, the tracks will stick together or some other problem. There is also a check of hole diameters and other geometric parameters.
Library
When you select this item, we will see another window on the right side of the program.
A very interesting point: it allows you to put a picture as a background on our table in the program where we draw a scarf. I won’t describe it in detail yet, but I’ll come back to it.
Metallization
When selecting this option, the program fills the entire free area with copper, but at the same time leaves gaps around the drawn conductors.
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These gaps can sometimes be very useful to us, and with this approach the board turns out more beautiful and more aesthetically pleasing. I’ll also go into more detail about adjusting the width of the gap when we draw the board.
Whole fee
We select this option, the screen will zoom out, and we will see our entire scarf.
All components
Similar to the top point, but with the only difference that it will reduce the scale depending on how many components are scattered across our scarf.
All selected
This item will adjust the screen size up or down depending on what components are currently selected.
Previous scale
Return to the previous scale, everything is simple here.
Refresh Image
A simple option simply updates the image on our screen. Useful if there are any visual artifacts on the screen. Sometimes there is a glitch like this. Especially when copy-pasting large pieces of the circuit.
About the project…
If you select this option, you can write something about the project itself, and then remember, especially after yesterday, that I drew there, it looks like this.
Here we see that we have to drill 56 holes and we need to adjust five of them so that the internal point on the contact pad is 0.6 mm.
Macro creator...
A very, very, very, useful item in the program that allows us to draw a complex body, such as SSOP, MLF, TQFP or some other in a minute or two. When you click on this item, a window like this will open.
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Here we can select and configure the drawing of our case, looking at the data from the datasheet for a particular chip. We select the type of sites and the distance between them. Type of location and oops! The board has a ready-made set of pads. All that remains is to design them on a silk-screen printing layer (for example, frame them) and save them as a macro. All!
The following points, such as Registration and a question mark, i.e. I will not describe the help because there is absolutely nothing in them that will help us in the further drawing of our scarf, although the help will be useful for those who are fluent in the German language.
Uf described the points in the drop-down menus, but all these points have their own icons in the form of pictures on the panel just below, that is, all the options necessary for the work of this panel are placed there.
I won’t dwell on it in too much detail because it duplicates the menu items, but when drawing further I will simply refer to these icons so as not to complicate perception with phrases like, Select the menu item File, New.
As I said, I will describe these icons, I will move from left to right and simply list them; if there is any setting thread in the icon, I will go into more detail.
Let's go from left to right New, Open file, Save file, Print file, Undo action, Repeat action, Cut, Copy, Paste, Delete, Duplicate, Rotate and here we'll make our first stop and look at this item in more detail, if you choose which one then the component on our scarf and click on the small triangle next to the rotation icon, we will see the following.
This is where we can choose at what angle we should rotate our part, as I said above, it was 90 degrees by default, but here it’s 45 and 15 and 5, and we can even set our own, for example, like I set 0.5, that is, half a degree.
Now let's have fun! We throw the components onto the board, unfold it at random, at arbitrary angles. We draw all this up with crooked lines ala Topor and show off to our friends the stoned boards with psychedelic wiring :)
I’ll also dwell on this point in more detail, the point is actually very good, it helps to give a beautiful and aesthetic appearance to the scarf so that in the future you can brag to your friends how neat and beautiful everything is, for example, we put SMD parts on our board and they are all crooked and crooked - for snapping to the grid, and here we select a few details and choose left alignment and everything looks neat.
Update, Template, Properties, Control, Library, About and Transparency
Transparency is also quite an interesting point, which allows you to see the layers, especially useful when making a double-sided board and a lot of conductors on each layer, if you press this button it will look something like this.
Let's go point by point from top to bottom.
Cursor This item, when clicked on, simply represents a cursor that allows us to select some element on the board and drag it across the board while holding the left mouse button
Scale When you click on this icon, the pointer will change to a lens with a plus and minus sign on the edges and, accordingly, if you press the left mouse button, the image will increase; if the right mouse button, it will decrease. In principle, when drawing a scarf, you don’t have to select this item, but scroll the mouse wheel forward or backward, respectively, the scale will increase forward and decrease back.
Conductor When we select this icon, the pointer changes to a dot with a crosshair and allows us to draw a path from one pad to another. The path is drawn on the active layer, which is selected at the bottom.
If you select the line “with metallization,” then the contact pad will change color to bluish, with a thin red circle inside, this will imply that metallization is taking place in this hole and that this hole is a transition hole from one side of the board to the other. It is also very convenient to install such contact pads on double-sided boards, because during subsequent printing, these contact pads will be printed on both sides of our future board.
SMD contact When you select this icon, it becomes possible to place small SMD contacts on our scarf.
Arc This icon allows us to draw a circle or make an arc.
This is especially true for those who make their scarves using LUT technology and who print on laser printer, the printer does not render large shaded areas perfectly black. In the settings you can also select the thickness of the border to adjust the roundness of the corners of our polygon.
Figure
If you select this icon, then a window opens from which you can draw either a figurine or a fancy spiral.
Compound
When you select this icon, the pointer becomes small and the “aerial” connection mode is turned on, just click on one pad and then on the other and between them this wonderful green thread will appear, which many people use to show jumpers on the board that will then be needed solder. But I wouldn’t recommend making jumpers for her. The fact is that they do not provide a connection during an electrical test. It is best to make jumpers with tracks on the second layer, connecting them through through metallized holes. In this case, an electrical test will show a contact. So, IMHO, the connection is a useless thing.
Another useless thing :) However, maybe sometimes it will help to find a path in a tricky place. Yes, it walks along the grid, so if you want it to work better, make the grid smaller.
Control
Electrical control. Allows you to find all closed circuits. An extremely useful thing for wiring. Especially when you already have a lot of different circuits installed and your eye refuses to perceive this mess. And I poked it with the tester and everything lit up. Beauty! It is especially useful to calculate earth and power. So as not to forget to ask for anything. The main thing is to make jumpers not through the “connection”, but along the second layer.
Photoview
In general, it’s a cool thing, you can see how the scarf will look if it’s made in production, or you should post a more beautiful drawing somewhere on a forum or website. It’s also good to see the solder mask, where it is and where it is not. Well, you can admire the silk-screen printing. In general, a useful feature. It also allows you to catch bugs with mirror images of letters/components or if something is accidentally placed on the wrong layer.
In this mode, you can remove or, conversely, cover parts with a mask. Just poking at the wires. There is white - it means open.
Now let's get to some minor tweaks.
The first point we have is setting the grid step, the first seven points of the grid step are filled by the program manufacturer themselves and they cannot be changed in any way, you can only select, but also in the grid setting you can add your own dimensions, just click “Add grid step...” and enter your parameters that I and did by adding a grid pitch of 1mm, 0.5mm, 0.25mm, 0.10mm, 0.05mm and 0.01mm
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The currently active grid step is displayed with a tick and is currently 1 mm
You can also remove the marked grid step or turn off snapping to the grid altogether, just click on the corresponding line. And if you move with the Ctrl key pressed, the grid step is ignored. Convenient when you need to move something off the grid.
The following three configurable items:
- Configuring Width Width, where we customize the width of our conductor.
- Setting the size of the contact pad, here we adjust the outer and inner diameter.
- AND last setting This is adjusting the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the SMD pad.
You can also create your own line/area sizes and save them so that you can later select from the list.
Now only the bottom panel remains:
Everything is simple here, on the left we have the cursor position and 5 working layers; the active working layer is currently marked with a dot.
Next we have a button, Coating free areas of the board with metal, this button covers the entire free area of the board with copper and makes gaps around the conductors, and in this window the size of the required gap is adjusted. It is only necessary to note that the gap is set for each line separately! Those. It's no use clicking this counter. It is necessary to isolate the entire board (or a specific wiring) and only then adjust it.
Below it is another icon, a shaded rectangle. It has one interesting property: if you click on it, we can free the area that we select from filling on the board.
There really is one subtlety here. The fact is that if we try to connect our fill with wiring, then nothing will work. Because the filling will scatter to the sides in panic. The solution is simple - we throw it from the ground point to the fill and make a gap equal to zero for this conductor. All!
You can also make a negative inscription on the fill. This is also done simply - put the inscription on the fill (the fill runs away from the inscription in different directions), and then in the properties check the “No gap” checkbox. That's it, the inscription became in the form of slits in the fill.
Yes, I forgot about this little hint that appears if you click on a small question.
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This is where we will finish our first lesson, in it we learned what and where we hide and what is located and what is configured where.
Part No. 2
Let's draw a simple scarf and create a body TQFP-32 and learn how to draw a scarf found on the Internet.
In the last part, we got acquainted with the program, found out what is hidden, where, what is configured and what is not, we learned the small features that are in the program.
Now, after reading in the first part, let’s try to draw a simple board.
Let's take as an example simple diagram, I dug it up in one of the old magazines, I won’t say which one, maybe one of the site visitors will remember this magazine.
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We see that the old scheme has gone through a lot of things, including corrections with a pencil and filling with alcohol rosin flux, but for our purposes it is ideal because of its simplicity.
Before we draw our scarf, we will analyze the diagram to see what parts we will need.
- Two microcircuits in DIP packages with 14 legs for each microcircuit.
- Six resistors.
- One polar capacitor and two regular capacitors.
- One diode.
- One transistor.
- Three LEDs.
Let's start drawing our details, and first we'll decide what our microcircuits look like and what dimensions they have.
This is what these microcircuits look like in DIP packages, and their dimensions between the legs are 2.54 mm and between the rows of legs these dimensions are 7.62 mm.
Now let’s draw these microcircuits and save them as a macro, so that we don’t have to draw again in the future and we will have a ready-made macro for subsequent projects.
We launch our program and set the active layer K2, the size of the contact pad is equal to 1.3 mm, its shape is selected “Rounded vertically”, the width of the conductor is equal to 0.5 mm, and the grid pitch is set to 2.54 mm.
Now, according to the dimensions that I gave above, let’s draw our microcircuit.
Everything worked out as planned.
Then we will save our future payment. Click on the floppy disk icon and enter the file name in the field.
We have drawn the location of the legs of the microcircuit, but our microcircuit has some kind of unfinished look and looks lonely, we need to give it a neater look. We need to make a silkscreen outline.
To do this, switch the grid pitch to 0.3175, set the conductor thickness to 0.1 mm and make layer B1 active.
With this triangle we will indicate where we will have the first pin of the microcircuit.
Why did I draw it this way?
Everything is very simple, in our program by default there are five layers: layers K1, B1, K2, B2, U.
Layer K2 is the soldering side (bottom) of the components, layer B1 is the marking of the components, that is, where to put something or a silk-screen printing layer that can then be applied to the front side of the board.
Layer K1 is the top side of the board if we make the board double-sided, respectively, layer B2 is the marking or silk-screen printing layer for the top side and, accordingly, layer U is the outline of the board.
Now our microcircuit looks neater and neater.
Why do I do this? Yes, simply because I am depressed by boards made poorly and on a quick fix Sometimes you download a thread for a scarf from the Internet, but there are only contact pads and nothing else. We have to check each connection according to the diagram, what came from where, what should go where...
But I digress. We made our microcircuit in a DIP-14 package, now we need to save it as a macro so that later we don’t have to draw something like this, but simply take it from the library and transfer it to the board. By the way, you are unlikely to find an SL5 without macros at all. Some minimum set of standard cases is already in the macros folder. And entire sets of macro-assemblies circulate on the network.
Now hold down the left mouse button and select everything we just drew.
And all our three objects will be grouped into one
Here is the letter M on the microcircuit.
And let's look at our just created macro in the macro window
Great, but it wouldn’t hurt to decide what size our board would be. I figured out the dimensions of the parts and how they could be roughly scattered and calculated that in the end my size was 51mm by 26mm.
Switch to layer U - the milling layer or board border. At the factory, they will go through this contour with a milling cutter during manufacturing.
Choose a grid pitch equal to 1 mm
An observant person will say, yeah, the starting point of the contour does not lie directly at zero and he will be absolutely right. For example, when I draw my boards, I always retreat 1 mm from the top and left. This is due to the fact that in the future the payment will be made either
using the LUT method or using a photoresist, and in the latter it is necessary that the template have negative tracks, i.e. white tracks on a dark background, and with this approach to board design, the finished template is then easier to cut out and make several copies on one sheet. And the board itself looks much more beautiful with this approach. Many people have probably downloaded boards from the network and the most funny thing happens when you open such a board and there is a drawing in the middle of a huge sheet and some kind of crosses around the edges.
Now let's change the grid pitch to 0.635 mm.
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And we’ll roughly install our microcircuits
And put two contact pads at a distance of 2.54 mm
And on it we will draw the approximate radius of our capacitor; for this we need the arc tool.
So we got our capacitor, look at the diagram and see that it is connected to pins 4,5 and 1 of the microcircuit, so we’ll plug it in approximately there.
Now let’s set the width of the track to 0.8 mm and start connecting the legs of the microcircuit, we connect it very simply, first we clicked on one leg of the microcircuit with the left button of the microcircuit, then on the other, and after we brought the conductor (track) to where we wanted, click the right one, after that clicked right the path will no longer continue.
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Now, using a similar principle, we build parts, placing them in our board, drawing conductors between them, scratching our heads when we can’t lay a conductor somewhere, thinking, laying conductors again and in some places do not forget to change the width of the conductor, thus gradually building the board, also When laying conductors, press the spacebar on the keyboard; this button changes the bending angles of the conductor, I recommend trying this cool thing. Separately, I would like to dwell on the grouping of objects. Several objects can be collected into one by clicking on them with the left mouse button while holding Shift, and then click group. So, we draw, we draw, and in the end we get this:
The resulting board looks like this:
Now a little explanation on printing a mirror/non-mirror image. Usually the problem arises with LUT when, due to inexperience, you print an image in the wrong display. The problem is actually solved simply.
In all board layout programs, it is accepted that the PCB is “transparent”, so we draw the tracks as if looking through the board. It’s easier this way, in the sense that the numbering of the pins of the microcircuits turns out natural, and not mirrored, and you don’t get confused. So here it is. The bottom layer is already mirrored. We print it as is.
But the top one needs to be mirrored. So when you make a double-sided board (although I don’t recommend it, most of the boards can be placed on one side), then its top side will need to be mirrored when printing.
Now we have drawn a simple scarf, there are only a few small touches left.
Reduce the overall size of the working field and print. However, you can simply print it as is.
Let's set several copies, you never know if we mess it up:
All this is good, of course, but it wouldn’t hurt to finish the scarf itself, bring it to mind, and put it in the archive, in case it comes in handy, or needs to be sent to someone later, but we don’t even have the elements signed, what and where it is, in principle It’s possible, and so we remember everything, but the other person to whom we give it will swear for a long time, checking it against the diagram. Let's make the final touch, put the designations of the elements and their denomination.
First, let's switch to layer B1.
After we have placed all the designations of the elements, we can align them so that it looks more neat, after all these actions our scarf looks like this:
And in the field we write our value of resistor R1 according to the diagram, it is 1.5K
We wrote it, click OK and then if we move the pointer to resistor R1, its value will be displayed.
Right on the inscription right click mouse and select from the drop-down menu New board. After we answer the question in the affirmative, open the properties of the new scarf and call it TQFP-32.
Now we open the datasheet for the microcircuit that we are going to draw, for example, we will do it by looking at the datasheet from ATmega-8.
We look at the chip in the datasheet and see a square with a pancake leg on each side, well, no problem, just select another location in the top drop-down menu, namely Quadruple, and click on the SMD contact. That’s all now, looking at the datasheet, and in this window we look where to enter which parameter, in the end we fill in all the fields, and we get the following result:
Now we have a very small touch left - zoom in on the image by turning the mouse wheel away from you, switch to layer B2, and draw the outline of the microcircuit and indicate where we will have the first leg.
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That's all, our case for the TQFP-32 microcircuit has been created, now if you can print it out, attach the microcircuit to a piece of paper, and if it’s a little off, then slightly adjust the parameters, and then save it as a macro so that you don’t have to draw a similar case in the future.
Rendering a picture
And the last step of our lesson, I will tell you how to make a scarf from an image of a board found in a magazine or on the Internet.
To do this, let's create the following tab and call it Internet.
In order not to search for a long time to repeat, let’s go to the Internet and type “Printed circuit board” in a search engine; the search engine will throw out a bunch of links and pictures; we’ll select something from them just like that.
After we've drawn it, let's take our image and use graphic editor Let’s remove everything that is on the left side, we don’t need it in principle, and save the right side to a file with the extension .BMR. If we are scanning a scarf from some magazine, it is better to scan with a resolution of 600 dip and save it to a file.BMR After saving it in the program, go to the K2 layer and click on the TEMPLATE icon.
Click the Upload button... and select our file. After this, our screen will look like this
That's all, now we just outline this picture in detail. There are quite possible cases when the details may not correspond 100% to what is drawn in the picture, this is not scary, the main thing is there is a picture on background layer and a set of macros with a fixed size, which is the most important thing. The Sprint-Layout program has an excellent set of macros, and gradually, when new details are drawn, it will also be replenished with its own.
If you click on the top one, then while we hold it, our paths will become invisible, and if on the bottom, then while we hold it, our picture that was superimposed as the background will become invisible.
That’s basically all I think about the Sprint-Layout program for beginners to master it, there is already plenty of information and of course you need to remember everything what and where to click, how and what to do. And at the end of the lesson about the Sprint-Layout program, you can download the file itself with these boards, on which this program was mastered.
Happy board making!
Sometimes files appear on the computer in formats unknown to us, which we have never heard of before. Now we will help you deal with one of the types of such files.LAY. First you need to know that this is a file that contains an electrical circuit diagram or printed circuit board design. This extension also has several varieties at the same time. They are used to calculate various types of problems, and they are created using the Sprint Layout utility.
How to run a file
Before opening .LAY, you will have to understand what type of file it is.
The simplest method, but not always effective, is to double-click on the file. In this case, the computer itself will select the program to open the file. But there may not be a utility on the PC that can open .LAY, so we will need to download additional software.
What software are we talking about?
There are several programs that work with this type of file. But before that, figure out what type of file you are going to work with. There are 5 types of .LAY files:
- Developed by Apple.
- Variant of the Tecplot program.
- Option "Rhino 3D".
- Template "MAME"
Now let's talk about everything in order!
Sprint Layout utility
- a special utility from Apple. It is used on Mac OS, with the help of which DVD projects are created. To create a project, no programming knowledge is required at all, because the program has several ready-made templates, with the help of which even a beginner can easily create his own DVD project. But experienced users may not use templates, but create them themselves. You can also test a DVD project without creating a disk image.
Important! The .LAY file in this case is located in the VIDEO_TS directory, but when converting the finished project to disk, it will not be written because it belongs to the project design.
Tecplot program
is a program used by engineers to create objects in flat and three-dimensional formats. It is used in engineering plotting and contains a wide range of functions.
LAY includes page layout, color and graphics settings. It stores participant data, parameters that determine the appearance of each frame, and the visual layout of the project workspace.
The author of the program is Tecplot.
Option "Rhino 3D"
Rhinoceros is a commercial software for volumetric NURBS design. This program is used in shipbuilding, architecture, automotive, industrial design, jewelry, etc. It helps create objects that require incredible precision. Therefore, this utility is used in the fields of CAD/CAM design and multimedia.
Advice! NURBS is used to convey the shapes of objects in .3DM format, so it became the basis of the Rhino 3D program. NURBS generates complex 3D objects from 2D models (quadrangles, circles, polylines, lines, etc.).
Rhino 3D stores state information for the layer where the 3D models are located. All models can be changed at the same time. This is done to simultaneously change the color or structure, and to simultaneously turn layer objects on or off.
Authors of the program:
- Robert McNeel.
- Associates.
Device diagram
It makes no significant difference whether we lay out the board on a piece of paper in a checkered pattern, cutting out templates of parts with pins from cardboard (although I deeply doubt that anyone will use this method in the 21st century, when every home has a computer), or use some program for PCB layout, for example sprint layout. Of course, with the help of sprint layout it will be much easier to do this, especially in large schemes. In both cases, first we place on the working field the part with the largest number of pins; in our case it is a transistor, let’s say VT1, this is our KT315. (A link to the sprint layout user manual will be provided below). Moreover, at first, when designing, your printed circuit board may resemble schematic diagram, it’s okay, I think everyone started like this. We installed it, then we connect its base and emitter with tracks to resistor R1, we also have the base VT1 connected to the output of capacitor C1 and the output of resistor R2. Instead of lines on the diagram, we connect the pins of the parts with a track on the printed circuit board. I also made it a rule to count the number of pins of parts connected on the diagram and on the printed circuit board; we should get the same number of connected patches.
As you can see, we have 3 more pins connected to the base on the board, just like in the diagram; in the diagram they are marked with red rings. Next, we install transistor VT2 - this is a KT361 transistor, it has a pnp structure, but we don’t care at the moment, since it also has 3 outputs and is in a housing exactly the same as KT315. We installed the transistor, then connect its emitter to the second terminal R2, and the second terminal of capacitor C1 to the collector VT2. We connect the VT2 base to the VT1 collector, install patches on the board to connect the BA1 speaker, we connect it with one terminal to the VT2 collector, the other terminal to the VT1 emitter. Here's what everything I described looks like on the board:
We continue further, we install the LED, connect it to the BA1 pin and to the VT2 emitter. Afterwards we install transistor VT3, this is also KT315 and connect it with the collector to the cathode of the LED, we connect the emitter of VT3 to the minus of the power supply. Next, we install resistor R4 and connect it with tracks to the base and emitter of transistor VT3; we connect the output from the base to probe X1. Let's see what happened on the board:
And finally we install the last few parts. Let's install the power switch, connecting it to the power plus with a path from one patch and to the VT2 emitter, with a path from the other patch connected to the switch. We connect this switch terminal with resistor R3, and connect the second patch of the resistor to the contacts of probe X2.
