The most common search engines on the World Wide Web. Information search toolsWWW. History of the World Wide Web

THE MOST IMPORTANT

Free access to information, regardless of borders and distances, has become possible thanks to the World Wide Web (WWW, Web, World Wide Web) - a worldwide information repository that exists on the technical basis of the Internet.

Special tools help the user navigate the web

programs called browsers. Search the required document in WW&V this can happen: by specifying the document address; by moving through a web of hyperconnections; by using search engines.

There are many search engines. Most of them have three main types of search: by any of the words; in all words; exactly according to the phrase.

Questions and tasks

1. Complete a literal translation of the phrase 4 YVorld Wide Web.”

2. Describe the WWW organization in general terms.

4. Let's imagine that the text of this paragraph is posted on Web-cafrre. What words from the text can be chosen as key words in order to most accurately convey its meaning? List up to 10 such words.

5. Do you know the website address of your school? What sites would you recommend your classmates visit?

b. What browser do you use at school?

7. What search engines do you know?

8. List the main types of search queries.

9. Find information on the World Wide Web about the number of users of the most common search engines.

Present the results of these queries graphically using Euler circles. Specify the designations of queries in increasing order of the number of documents that the search engine will find for each query.

11. Find answers to the following questions on the World Wide Web.

Who is Norbert Wiener and what is his role in the study of information processes?

Who is Claude Shannon and why is he famous?



Who and when was the term “hypertext” introduced?

Who is considered the inventor of WYVW and when did it happen?

Who is Euler, after whom is the graphical diagram illustrating the relationships between sets named?


Test tasks for self-control

1. Which of the following statements most accurately reveals the meaning of the concept “information” from an everyday point of view?

a) a sequence of characters of some alphabet

b) library book collection

c) information about the surrounding world and the processes occurring in it, perceived by a person directly or with the help of special devices


d) information contained in scientific theories

2. The signal is called continuous:

c) carrier text information

d) carrying any information Z. A signal is called discrete:

a) taking a finite number of specific values

b) continuously changing over time

c) which can be decoded

d) carrying any information atsi Yu

4. Information that does not depend on personal opinion or judgment is called:

a) understandable

b) relevant

B) objective

d) useful

5. Information that is significant and important at the moment is called:

a) useful

b) relevant

c) reliable

d) objective

b. According to the way a person perceives, the following types of information are distinguished:

a) textual, numerical, graphical, tabular, etc.

b) scientific, social, political, economic, religious, etc.

c) ordinary, production, technical, managerial

7. It is known that largest volume A physically healthy person receives information through:


a) hearing organs

b) organs of vision

c) organs of touch

d) olfactory organs

d) taste buds

8. Indicate the “extra” object from the point of view of the agreement on the meaning of the signs used:



b) road signs

d) musical notes

9. Indicate the “extra” object in terms of the type of writing:

a) Russian language

b) English language

V) Chinese

d) French

10. Formal languages ​​include:

a) Russian language

b) Latin

c) Chinese

d) French

11. According to the form of presentation, information can be divided into the following types:

a) mathematical, biological, medical, psychological, etc.

b) symbolic and figurative

c) everyday, scientific, production, management

d) visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory

12. Discretization of information is:

a) a physical process that changes over time

b) quantitative characteristic of the signal

c) the process of converting information from a continuous form into a discrete one d) the process of converting information from a discrete form into a continuous one

13. Give the most complete answer.

Determine which set of letters is encoded by the binary string 0110100011000.

a) EBCEA b) BDDEA c) VG)SEA d) EVAEA

16. The chessboard consists of 8 columns and 8 rows. What is the minimum number of bits required to encode the coordinates of one chess field?

17. In which line are the units of measurement of information arranged in ascending order?

a) gigabyte, megabyte, kilobyte, byte, bit

b) bit, byte, megabyte, kilobyte, gigabyte

c) byte, bit, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte

d) bit, byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte

18. The message size is 11 KB. The message contains 11,264 characters. What is the power of the alphabet with which the message is written?

a) 64 b) 128 c) 256 d) 512

19. A text of 600 characters is given. It is known that the characters are taken from a table of size 16 x 32. Determine the information volume of the text in bits.

A) 1000 b) 2400 c) 3600 d) 5400

20.
The two texts contain the same number of characters. The first text is composed of alphabet characters with a power of 16, and the second text is composed of alphabet characters with a power of 256. How many times is the amount of information in the second text greater than in the first?

a) 12 b) 2 c) 24

21. Information processes- This:

a) processes of construction of buildings and structures

b) processes of chemical and mechanical water purification

c) processes of collecting, storing, processing, searching and transmitting information

d) electricity production processes

22. By information carrier we usually mean:

a) communication line

b) the Internet

c) computer

d) a material object on which information can be recorded in one way or another

23. Which line correctly represents the information transfer scheme?

a) source encoding device -" decoding device -" receiver

b) source -" encoder -" communication channel -" decoder -" receiver

c) source, encoder of interference - decoder, receiver

d) source decoding device communication channel - encoding device receiver

24. Hypertext is:


a) very large text

b) text in which links can be followed

c) text typed on a computer

d) text in which the font is used big size

25. A search engine is NOT:

d) Yandex

26. The table shows queries to the search engine. Which query will find the largest number of matching pages?

A) breeding & keeping & swordtails & catfish
b) content & swordtails
V) (content & swordtails) catfish
G) contents & swordtails & catfish

COMPUTER AS A UNIVERSAL DEVICE FOR WORKING WITH INFORMATION

How to find what you need correctly and with a minimum of time on the Internet

How to search the Internet correctly

How to find what you need on the Internet correctly and with a minimum of time.

The problem of finding information sooner or later awaits every Internet user. Finding the information you need, coursework abstracts or any technical documentation, can take up a lot of your time if you don’t know how to properly search and find what you need on the World Wide Web. In this case, various catalogs and knowledge bases, as well as so-called “search engines,” can come to our aid in this case. Next, we will consider them in turn.

Let's start with the catalogues. Everything here is quite simple, since the catalog is an electronic file cabinet of links to sites on a certain topic. As in a real card index, all sites and resources here are laid out on shelves, which are provided with a brief description to make it more convenient to find the necessary information. The big disadvantage of this system is that not all resources are located there, since in order to add your site to the directory, the owner must register, and this takes some time and therefore you have to type sites manually, which is very inconvenient.

Now let's look at knowledge bases. There are resources that contain a huge amount of information and at the same time provide users with the opportunity to edit and supplement it. These resources are growing very quickly and becoming huge databases, such as Wikipedia (http://ru.wikipedia.org/) which is rightfully considered one of the best. Thanks to the built-in search engine, millions of people can easily find the information they need in a short period of time.

And finally, search engines, or as they are popularly called “search engines”. If you have tried the above methods in your search, but there is no result, do not despair. Search engines, of which there are quite a lot today, can help you. The main “pioneers” in the CIS are Rambler, Yandex and of course Google. The main advantage of search engines is the principle of their operation. Search engines, unlike directories, use a special robot that scans all available Internet resources and automatically adds them to its database. But a huge database for a successful search will not be enough for us. So how can we find exactly what we need among the vast sea of ​​information?

Firstly, do not try to insert into the request, for example, the entire topic of a thesis or essay; be precise, but concise. First, think about your request and try to find out as much as possible about the topic you are interested in, since the correctness search query is the key to obtaining the desired result. If, for example, you want to know about the 2014 Olympics in Russia, then in the query you should type Olympics 2014 Russia, and not just Olympics Russia. Remember, the machine searches for phrases and words and sorts the information based on the degree of coincidence, but it cannot know what you meant. The site with the largest number of matches will be in first place, etc. You should also know that the search engine does not search by punctuation marks, prepositions and words such as “what”, “where”, “when”.

How can you find a quote if the search engine does not take into account common words and prepositions? To do this, just highlight the request in quotation marks and then it will be considered as a single whole with all the words and prepositions in the order in which you wrote it. You can also put a “+” in front of a word or symbol, and then to a query, for example, “Aliens +4,” the answer will be links to this particular part of the film. It is also possible to find, for example, an article on a certain site, if we forgot to save a link to it. To do this, just type the query in the search bar, then site: the name of the site in Google and the query<

Search engines can not only search, but also exclude some words from the search. For example, if when you ask about Rome you do not want to receive documents about its history in Google, enter: Rome - history, and in Yandex instead of “-” they use “~ ~”.

You also need to know that search engines do not take into account capital characters, and this is inconvenient for searching for settlements. Therefore, in order to get the desired result, we put a capital letter before the word that the search engine should “see”! for example “village! Fish." For a more detailed search, use the “Advanced Search” function. Good luck with your search!

http://www.searchboth.ru/search-systems/search-in-www.html

















Back forward

Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all the features of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Goals:

  • understand the basic principles of organizing information search on the Internet.
  • develop algorithmic thinking, the ability to highlight the main thing, broaden the horizons of students by introducing new terms;
  • developing skills to search for information on the Internet;
  • cultivate a culture of communication: student-student, teacher-student

Tasks:

  • Introduction to the concept of WWW
  • Web page, website
  • Addressing pages on the Internet
  • Familiarity with the capabilities of search engines and search queries.
  • Use the search and selection of information in practical activities and everyday life

Hardware and software: interactive whiteboard, projector, presentation for the lesson, cards - assignments, set of assessments.

Lesson type: learning new material.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Updating knowledge. Presentation of new material.

- Hello guys. Today we will take you on a journey...

Look carefully at the slide. Where do you think we will go?

On a journey through the Internet.

The screen shows an approximate graphical representation of the connections between Internet networks. Only connections between servers are shown.

What does this picture look like? (On the starry sky, on the web.).

Lesson topic: “WWW. Journey through the World Wide Web.”

But before we set off on a cruise across the vastness of the Internet, we will get acquainted with the concept of WWW, Web page, Web site, browser, search engine, and then move on to the practical part: we will work with search engines, carry out queries, find the necessary information and apply it in practice.

What is the Internet? The Internet is a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks for storing and transmitting information. The World Wide Web is based on the Internet.

WWW - what does this abbreviation mean? (World Wide Web, WWW)

World Wide Web (WWW, Web) - worldwide NETWORK (web)

WWW is a worldwide repository of information that exists on the technical basis of the INTERNET network (after all, there are more than 2 billion Internet users)

WWW is a collection of numerous resources distributed throughout the world;

WWW is an organization of information resources equipped with hyperlinks.

WWW - contains information of a very different nature: news, scientific, technical, educational information, advertising of goods and services, resources for leisure and entertainment, communication through social networks, portals and forums and much more. It is now impossible to imagine the life of a modern person without the Internet.

Anyone can post information online, and the whole world will have access to this information!

Information on the WWW is organized as follows: Web pages . For example, let's open the website of our school www.schuv1996.mskobr.ru.

Website – these are several Web pages related to each other in content. In texts posted on website pages, keywords can be highlighted - hyperlinks.

The worldwide address of any file is determined unified resource locator - URL. The URL is a standardized string symbols indicating the location of a resource, document or part of it on the Internet, and consists of three parts.

Address structure:

  • the name of the protocol for accessing the Internet service;
  • the name of the server on which the resource is stored and the Internet service server program runs. This is where we often see the abbreviation www;
  • the full name of the file that is stored on the server.
    • www.schuv1996.mskobr.ru.
    1. http:// protocol
    2. schuv1996.mskobr.ru – server
    3. news/ - file page
      4.

    A huge number of hypertext electronic documents stored on WWW servers forms a kind of hyperspace of documents between which movement is possible.

    But they help the user navigate the “web” special programs. (Web browsers; browse, view, study)

    Name the browsers you know?

    Is there any system for storing information on the Internet? Is it possible to “get lost” in the web? Is it chaos or is there some kind of system, logic?

    In order not to get confused, you need to know where and how to extract necessary information, search experience is required. How you can search for information:

    • By specifying the document address (wikipedia.org)
    • By navigating a web of hyperlinks
    • By using search engines. YANDEX, RAMBLER

    SEARCH ENGINES (search technology)

    All information retrieval systems on the World Wide Web are located on special servers. They serve a huge number of clients every minute. The action of search engines is based on a constant, consistent study of all pages of all sites. For each document or page there is a certain set of keywords that reflect the content of the page. When a request is received, the search engine generates a list of pages that match the search criteria. The found documents are ordered depending on the location of keywords, the frequency of their appearance in the text, etc.

    What search engines do you know? ( GOOGLE, YANDEX, RAMBLER)

    Search engines typically have three operators: “logical AND”, “logical OR” and “logical NOT”. The “logical AND” operator is specified between keywords if it is necessary to return documents containing all the searched words. “Logical OR” is used when it is necessary to search for documents containing at least one of the keywords associated with this operator. The “logical NOT” operator is necessary to exclude from the list documents that contain the word preceded in the query by this operator.

    When starting a search, the user enters one or more keywords and selects a search type.

    If the search is difficult, try changing the query logic, select better synonyms

    III. Practical part.

    Students are divided into micro groups.

    Stage 1 of work

    You are invited to fill out the crossword puzzle “Internet History” ( Annex 1), using the World Wide Web and search engines known to you.

    Everyone is looking for the answer to the first question of the crossword puzzle, but on different search servers.

    Let's compare the number of links found to documents and sites for the same query. - Which search engine gave more links?

    Whoever found the answer to the question raises his hand and fills out the crossword puzzle on the Smart interactive board. Students find the desired answer and write it down on the interactive board where the presentation is projected. As a result of the work, all the cells of the crossword puzzle are filled in.

    Please note what keyword did it happen in the selected cells? – Internet! Right. – So, you and I completed the first stage of this task by working together.

    Stage 2. Working with cards

    Find answers to the following questions ( Appendix 2) and save them in your folders (work in micro-groups):

    1) What day is considered the birthday of the Internet in Russia and why?

    2) When and where was ice cream sundae invented?

    3) Where and when did chocolate appear?

    4) Which star is the brightest in the night sky?

    5) Why is the Black Sea called “Black”?

    6) Which country is the smallest? Give it a brief description.

    7) When and where were the first Olympic Games held? Give a brief description.

    Save the information in the form of text and pictures in your folder.

    Save information from downloaded Web pages in different ways to your desktop folder:

    • as text file
      • , to do this, in the text on the Web page, select the paragraph dedicated to the search topic, copy it to the clipboard, launch MS Word, execute the “Paste” command, save the resulting document, close MS Word.
    • save the drawing
      •  from a Web page in the form of a graphic file, to do this, select a picture on the page and right-click on it, select “Save picture as...” from the context menu, specify the path, file name and file type (JPG).
    • Save the link to the web page
      •

    The results of this stage should be stored in the folder with your Last Name in the My Documents folder.

    IV. Grading. Discussion of the results obtained

    Name the websites you have visited. Describe these sites according to their purpose. What services do they provide to the user?

    At this stage, grades are given based on the results of tasks 1 and 2.

    V. Reflection.

    Today we “walked” through the Internet, became acquainted with the concept of the network - WWW, searched for information using various queries, learned how to correctly obtain information from the Internet, became familiar with such concepts as browser, URL, search engines

    • What did you like about the lesson? What didn't you like?
    • What was new for you in the lesson?

    VI. Homework.

    Search the Internet for information about the number of users of the most common search engines. When and how did @ originate?

    The web hosts millions of sites, and alongside up-to-date information there are many outdated resources, garbage and false advertising.

    The Internet is the most democratic source of information. Everyone can post their own resource on the Internet and express their opinion. This is both the strength and weakness of the World Wide Web.

    Finding information on the Internet would probably be very difficult if powerful search tools were not created: search engines(search engines), catalogues-ratings(categorizers), topical lists of links, online encyclopedias and dictionaries.

    To search for various types of information, various tools are most effective.

    Resource Directories

    The directory has a hierarchical structure. Thematic sections of the first level define the broadest possible topics, such as “sports”, “recreation”, “science”, “shopping”, etc. Each such section may have subsections. The user can refine the area of ​​interest by traveling through the directory tree and gradually narrowing the search area. For example, when searching for information about laptops, the search chain might look like this: Information technology -> Computers -> Laptops. Having reached the desired subdirectory, the user finds a set of links in it.

    Typically, all links in a catalog are profile links, since catalogs are compiled not by programs, but by people. It's obvious that If you are looking for general information on a broad topic, then it is advisable to consult the catalog. If you need to find a specific document, then the catalog will turn out to be an ineffective search tool.

    Often resource catalogs are also ratings, i.e. the directory invites sites registered in it to install on their pages hit counter, and displays lists of links to sites according to their popularity (traffic). The popularity of a resource is assessed according to a number of parameters, including the so-called hosts(number of unique visitors per day) and hits(number of visits to the site per day).

    One of the most popular rating catalogs is Rambler's Top 100. (http://top100.rambler.ru/top100/). It is often interesting to assess the state of not all-Russian, but regional resources on a specific topic. For an overview of Krasnoyarsk web resources and regions, we can recommend the resource rating catalogs Krasland (http://www.krasland.ru/) and Stalker (http://www.stalker.internet.ru/).

    Search engines

    Relevant document- a document whose semantic content corresponds information request. Modern search engines search by context, i.e. words contained in the query, taking into account variations in word forms and expanding queries with synonyms. But computers don’t understand the meaning, so in the list of answers to a request, along with documents relevant to your request, you may also receive those that are in no way suitable for you.

    It's obvious that the percentage of relevant documents received depends on the ability to correctly issue a request. The proportion of relevant documents in the list of all those found by a search engine is called search precision. Irrelevant documents are called noise. If all found documents are relevant (there are no noise ones), then the search accuracy is 100%. If all relevant documents are found, then the completeness of the search is 100%.

    Thus, the quality of a search is determined by two interdependent parameters: search accuracy and completeness. Increasing search completeness decreases precision, and vice versa.

    Search engines can be compared to a help desk where agents go around businesses collecting information into a database. When you contact the service, information is retrieved from this database. The data in the database becomes outdated, so agents periodically update it. In other words, help desk has two functions: 1) creation and constant update data in the database and 2) searching for information in the database at the request of the client.

    Similarly, a search engine consists of two parts: the so-called search robot(or spider) that crawls the Internet servers and builds a database, and search engine links relevant to the user's request in the database.

    It should be noted that, when processing a specific user request, the search engine operates precisely on the internal database (and does not travel on the Internet). Despite the fact that the search engine database is constantly updated, the search engine cannot index all Web documents: their number is too large. The problem of insufficient search completeness lies not only in the limited internal resources of the search engine, but also in the fact that the speed of the robot is limited, and the number of new Web documents is constantly growing.

    The most popular search engines today are Google (www.google.com, www.google.ru) and Yandex (www.yandex.ru).

    Online encyclopedias and reference books

    In some cases, it may be necessary to find not just a document containing a keyword, but the interpretation of a certain word. When you search for an unfamiliar term using a search engine, you risk getting a whole series of articles in which this term is used, and at the same time you will not know what it really means. It is preferable to conduct such a search in an online encyclopedia.

    One of the largest online encyclopedias is the Yandex. Encyclopedia resource (http://encycl.yandex.ru/) - this project contains 14 encyclopedias, including articles from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia and the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia. The largest ones include the “Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius” (http://www.km.ru).

    In addition to the transfer of traditional dictionaries to the hypertext environment, encyclopedic wiki projects are rapidly developing. Wiki is a website for collecting and structuring written information. It is characterized by the fact that all visitors can fill in and edit the information posted on it. http://ru.wikipedia.org/ - Wikipedia in Russian is part of a multilingual project whose goal is to create a complete encyclopedia in all languages ​​of the Earth.

    History of the World Wide Web

    The inventors of the World Wide Web are Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee(born June 8, 1955) and, to a lesser extent, Robert Cayo. Tim Berners-Lee is a technology creator HTTP, URI/URL and HTML. In 1980, he worked for the European Council for Nuclear Research (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN) as a software consultant. It was there, in Geneva (Switzerland), that for his own needs he wrote the Enquirer program, which laid the conceptual basis for the World Wide Web.

    IN 1989 While working at CERN on the organization's intranet, Tim Berners-Lee proposed the global hypertext project now known as the World Wide Web.

    As part of the project, Berners-Lee wrote the world's first web server and the world's first hypertext web browser, called "WorldWideWeb".

    Berners-Lee created the world's first website at http://info.cern.ch/, the site is now archived. This site appeared on the Internet August 6, 1991. This site described what the World Wide Web is, how to install a web server, and how to use a browser. This site was also the world's first Internet directory because Tim Berners-Lee later posted and maintained a list of links to other sites there.

    Yet the theoretical foundations of the web were laid much earlier. Back in 1945, Vanniver Bush developed the concept of "Memex" - an aid to "expand human memory." Memex is a device in which a person stores all his books and records (and, ideally, all his knowledge that can be formally described) and which provides the necessary information with sufficient speed and flexibility. Bush also predicted comprehensive indexing of text and multimedia resources with the ability to quickly search necessary information. The next significant step towards the World Wide Web was the creation of hypertext (a term coined by Ted Nelson in 1965).

    Rice. 75. World Wide Web Consortium logo

    Since 1994, the main work on the development of the World Wide Web has been taken over by World Wide Web Consortium, founded and still led by Tim Berners-Lee. W3C is an organization that develops and implements technology standards for the Internet and the World Wide Web.

    Development prospects

    The current concept for the development of the World Wide Web today is the creation of a semantic (meaningful) web. The author of the concept of the semantic web is also Tim Berners-Lee. Semantic Web is an add-on to the existing World Wide Web, which is designed to make information posted on the network more accessible computer friendly.

    Currently, computers take a rather limited part in the generation and processing of information on the Internet. The functions of computers are mainly limited to storing, displaying and retrieving information. At the same time, the creation of information, its evaluation, classification and updating - all this is still performed by humans. How to include the computer in these processes? If a computer cannot yet be taught to understand human language, then it is necessary to use a language that would be understandable to the computer. That is, ideally, all information on the Internet should be posted in two languages: in human language for a person to understand and in computer language for a computer to understand. The Semantic Web is a concept of a network in which every resource in human language would be provided with a description that a computer can understand.

    Programs will be able to find the necessary resources themselves, process information, classify data, identify logical connections, draw conclusions and make decisions based on these conclusions. If widely adopted and implemented wisely, the Semantic Web has the potential to spark a revolution on the Internet.

    The seminal work on the Semantic Web is Berners-Lee's 2005 book, Spinning the Semantic Web: Unlocking the Full Potential of the World Wide Web.

    Tasks

    1. The first global computer network was named:

    • BITNet;
    • ARPANet;
    • NSFNet.

    2. Internet provider is:

    • Internet service provider organization;
    • an organization that creates websites;
    • peripheral device, used to communicate with another computer.

    3. FTP is:

    • mail client;
    • IP telephony program;
    • file transfer protocol.

    4. The URL of the web page is set: http://www.sgzt.com/sgzt/archive/content/2005/03/043. What is the name of the access protocol for this information resource?

    • sgzt/archive/content/2005/03/043;
    • http;
    • www.sgzt.com.

    5. In which of the given first-level domain zones can he purchase a domain name? entity, registered in the Russian Federation?

    • .com;
    • in both.

    6. Among the entries below, indicate the correct IP address of the computer:

    • 198.15.19.216;
    • 298.15.19.216;
    • 200,6,201,13;
    • http://www.ipc.ru;
    • www.ip-address.com.

    7. Which of the given e-mail addresses is correct?

    8. What is HTML?

    • One of the TCP/IP family protocols;
    • Document hypertext markup language;
    • Programming language.

    Related information.