LED LCD TVs. Converting LCD monitor backlight lamps to LED strips LCD backlight LED
Without such backlighting, no LCD TV can operate normally, regardless of its brand. We will tell you how you can repair your TV's LED backlight at home using an Lg device as an example, and what you will need for this.
How can you tell if the backlight is broken? Let's assume that the problem with the LCD TV is as follows: it turns on from the remote control, but the screen does not light up (if your TV does not turn on even from the remote control, read about). When pointed at the display flashlight light(i.e. forced illumination is applied), then the image appears. Verdict - the ice driver or similar backlight does not work, perhaps due to the fact that the special lines with soldered LEDs have burned out. You need to disassemble the TV and visually inspect the parts to find a fault.
Attention! You can only open the case of an LCD TV if you have the skills to work with complex devices and a little experience, otherwise it’s better not to risk it.
Remove the back cover For any LG TV, this is not a difficult task, you just need to do everything carefully and without haste: disconnect the legs of the stand and unscrew the mount around the entire perimeter of the product. If the cover does not come off, it means there is a blocking bolt, you should not make any effort, you need to find it and unscrew it.
After removal back cover, check the output voltage.
If it is normal, we check it voltage ice backlight the screen itself. Its value is only 100V, which indicates a malfunction in the backlight of the LCD TV.
These TVs use a special LED set with lenses that are installed across the entire screen area to provide clear illumination. To get to them and repair the LG TV backlight, you must first remove the matrix.
Disassembling the product
The TV has three main boards - main, T-con and power supply, all of which are clearly visible in the photo.
Removing and disassembling the matrix do it yourself - the work is very painstaking, one careless movement, and you can buy a new TV, so without experience it is better not to undertake repairs. Experts highlight the following main points when disassembling the matrix:
- it is necessary to prepare a work area and two tables on which to lay matrices and scattering films;
- Before starting this work, you should thoroughly wash your hands so as not to accidentally leave traces of dirty fingers on the filters and the matrix itself - this can harm the quality of the image later;
- Special attention should be paid to decoders - one inaccurate movement can lead to a break in the cable.
Subsequent dismantling is carried out in several stages.
Troubleshooting
Now the actual repair of the LED backlight of the TV begins: to do this, you need to carefully unclip all the latches along the contour, remove the plastic frame and remove the diffusing films to expose the LEDs.
U different models LG TVs will have their own set of LED backlights: for LG 32LN541U there are three rows of 7 LEDs, and for LG 32LB582V there are three rows of 6 LEDs.
In all TVs that use such backlighting, the LEDs are connected in series, so if one of them burns out, the entire system stops working. If the LED driver is faulty, then no voltage is supplied to the entire system, and when one of the LEDs burns out, then the voltage flows, but all the efforts of the device to illuminate the system are in vain: even if you supply 200 volts, the circuit is open.
As we can see from the photograph, the backlight consists of 18 LEDs; during measurements, the voltage without load was 140 V, that is, each one accounted for 7.8 V. When we take into account the voltage drop on each strip and the total load, the conclusion will be as follows: this model uses 6V LEDs.
Finding a burnt-out LED is not easy: if there is no burnout at the mounting location, then you need to check each element separately.
Replacing LEDs
Replacing the Lg TV backlight can be a bit of a hassle. Let's say that the test results revealed several faulty LEDs. It is quite difficult to buy a replacement bar - these parts are not supplied to service centers, you can order them on the manufacturer's website, but this is time-consuming and very expensive. So there is only one way - replace individual diodes, although it will not be easy to find them on the radio market. Experts assure that you can buy already soldered ones, but in good working order; after a long search, these are exactly the ones we purchased.
Users should be aware that all planks are glued using double sided tape, so you need to warm them up with a special soldering gun so that the tape comes off. To do this, the bar is fixed in the holder and heated from below with a hairdryer, the tin is melted, and the faulty part is removed. Soldering should be done using exactly the same method to avoid damaging the LED.
Important! All lenses are secured with a compound at the factory, so when removing them you must act very carefully, and each one must then be installed in its original place so as not to disturb the original focusing.
One more nuance: you may come across LEDs whose negative pad is slightly larger than the positive one, so you need to trim the contact point in order to solder the diode. This is what a soldered LED looks like:
The fact that the paint is a little damaged is not a problem. We solder the rest of the LEDs in the same way, and Glue the lenses with superglue. And this is a repaired view of the backlight panel assembled and ready for further use:
As we see in practice, there are many specific nuances in repairing the LED backlight of an LG TV matrix, and without knowing them, it is impossible to achieve a positive result.
Final works
When the LG TV system has been completely repaired, before final assembly, we connect the voltage to the strips and check the glow of all LEDs. If everything is fine, then we assemble the TV, performing all operations sequentially and with caution, as during dismantling.
After finishing, it is better not to turn the backlight brightness to maximum, but to limit it to 75% - in this mode, the LEDs operate in normal mode and, according to experts, will last much longer.
We install the TV in its original place, turn it on and enjoy the quality: if there are no extraneous spots of light or dark color anywhere on the screen, it means that the repair was carried out correctly, in compliance with all recommendations. And you can get the most out of your TV by learning how to properly
The most reliable LG TVs of 2018
TV LG 22LH450V
TV LG 49UJ651V
TV LG OLED55C8
TV LG 55LJ622V
TV LG 55UK6100
Television manufacturers regularly introduce users to new technologies that improve image quality. Approaches to combining TV screens and LED elements have long been mastered by major companies. Recently, the source of bright and soft glow is also moving to displays mobile devices. Users of traditional LED-based lighting can also appreciate the advantages of this solution, but, of course, the backlight of LED screens on TVs looks most attractive. Moreover, it is complemented by other high-tech inclusions used by the developers of this technology.
Backlight device
When creating modules to implement backlighting, LED arrays are used, which can consist of white LED elements or multi-colored ones, such as RGB. The design of the board for equipping the matrix is specially designed for the purpose of integration into the device specific model carrier. As a rule, on the left side of the board there are contact connectors, one of which provides power to the LED backlight, and the others are designed to control its operating settings. A special driver is also used, the function of which is interfaced with the controller.
In its finished form, it is a row of miniature lamps that are connected in groups of 3 pieces. Of course, manufacturers do not recommend interfering with the design of such tapes, but if desired, you can physically shorten or, conversely, make the device longer. Also, the standard backlight of the LED screen provides the ability to adjust the brightness, supports soft start and is equipped with voltage protection.
Classification of lighting by installation type
There are two ways to integrate LED backlighting - direct and edge. The first configuration assumes that the array will be located behind the LCD panel. The second option allows you to create very thin screen panels and is called Edge-LED. In this case, the tapes are placed around the perimeter of the inside of the display. In this case, the uniform distribution of LEDs is carried out using a separate panel, which is located behind the liquid crystal display - usually this type of LED screen backlight is used when developing mobile devices. Adherents of direct illumination point to the high-quality result of the glow, which is achieved thanks to more LEDs, as well as local dimming to reduce color casts.
Application of LED backlight
The average consumer can find this technology in TV models from Sony, LG and Samsung, as well as in products from Kodak and Nokia. Of course, LEDs have become more widespread, but it is in the models of these manufacturers that qualitative shifts towards improving the consumer qualities of this solution are observed. One of the main tasks that faced the designers was to maintain the performance of the screen with optimal characteristics in conditions of direct exposure to sunlight. Also recently it has improved in terms of increasing contrast. If we talk about advances in screen design, there are noticeable reductions in panel thickness, as well as compatibility with large diagonals. But there are still unsolved problems. LEDs are not able to fully reveal their capabilities in the process of displaying information. However, this did not prevent LED technology from displacing CCFL lamps and successfully competing with the new generation of plasma screens.
Stereoscopic effects
LED-based modules have many capabilities to provide various effects. At this stage of technology development, manufacturers are actively using two stereoscopic solutions. The first provides for angular deflection of radiation fluxes with support for the diffraction effect. The user can perceive this effect while viewing with or without glasses, that is, in holography mode. The second effect involves a shift luminous flux, which highlights the backlight of the LED screen in the direction of a given trajectory in the liquid crystal layers. This technology can be used in combination with 2D and 3D formats after appropriate conversion or recoding. However, regarding the possibilities of combination with three-dimensional images for LED backlights, not everything is smooth.
3D Compatible
This is not to say that LED-backlit screens have serious problems interacting with the 3D format, but for optimal perception of such a “picture” by the viewer, special glasses are required. One of the most promising areas of this development is stereo glasses. For example, several years ago nVidia engineers released shutter 3D glasses with liquid crystal glass. To deflect light flows, the LED backlight of the LCD screen involves the use of polarization filters. In this case, glasses are made without a special frame, in the form of a ribbon. The built-in lens consists of a wide array of translucent ones that perceive information from the control device.
Benefits of backlighting
Compared to other backlighting options, LEDs significantly improve the consumer quality of television screens. First of all, the immediate characteristics of the image are improved - this is expressed in increased contrast and color rendition. Top quality processing of the color spectrum is provided by the RGB matrix. In addition, the backlight of the LED screen has reduced power consumption. Moreover, in some cases, a reduction in electricity consumption of up to 40% is achieved. It is also worth noting the possibility of producing ultra-thin screens that are lightweight.
Flaws
Users of TVs with LED backlighting have criticized them for the harmful effects of blue-violet radiation on the eyes. Also, bluish tint is observed in the “picture” itself, which distorts the natural color rendition. True, in latest versions TVs with high resolution LED-backlit screens have virtually no such defects. But there are problems with brightness control, which involves pulse width modulation. During such adjustments, you may notice screen flickering.
Conclusion
Today, the segment of TV models with LED technology is in its infancy. The consumer is still assessing the capabilities and advantages that it can provide innovative solution. It should be noted that the operational disadvantages that LED backlight has do not confuse users as much as the high cost. Many experts consider this factor to be the main barrier to the widespread popularization of the technology. However, the prospects for LEDs still remain promising, since their costs will decrease as demand increases. At the same time, other lighting qualities are also being improved, which further increases the attractiveness of this proposal.
Today we will talk about LED backlights in LED TVs. Let's discuss the reasons for their failure and where to buy LEDs.
Preface
The backlighting of the first LCD TVs was made using fluorescent ( CCFL) lamps This type of lighting has proven itself with the best side, nevertheless, it was in many ways inferior to LEDs in terms of brightness, backlight dynamics and energy consumption.
If a powerful inverter is needed to ignite CCFL lamps, then for LEDs a small driver is needed, the main function of which will be to control the current and voltage to power the LEDs.
The main causes of failures of LED TV backlights.
While they have many advantages, LEDs are not without their disadvantages. Increasingly, TVs from well-known brands such as LG or Samsung are being sent for repairs because the LED backlight burns out. Sometimes, the fault of the backlight failure is not the LEDs themselves, but also the improper operation of the TVs. For myself, I identify three reasons for the failure of LEDs.
First reason- this is a miscalculation of the manufacturers themselves. When repairing LED backlights, very often you encounter a situation where, when measuring the current flowing through the LEDs, it turns out that it is too high. For example, in backlight strips, where the maximum current should be about 250 mA, in fact we get about 400-450 mA. Naturally, with such a current, the TV produces a bright picture, but the LEDs quickly burn out. After replacing the LEDs with new ones, you have to reduce the current, thereby saving the TV from repeated repairs, and the owner of the equipment from repeated costs.
The second reason- defective LED. As with any spare parts, from time to time you can get a defective part. In my practice, I came across cases when only one LED burned out, and the rest were in perfect order. Looking through all the LEDs under a microscope for cracks and measuring the current consumption, I did not find any faults. Everything turned out to be normal. Having replaced just one LED, the TV was sent to the owner, after which it continued to serve him faithfully.
Third reason- Constantly watching TV at maximum brightness. This operating mode also affects the durability of the backlight. I recommend always watching TV at a backlight level of no more than 70-75%, as this significantly increases the service life of TVs.
Where is the best place to buy LEDs for repairs?
I used to buy LEDs at the radio market, but recently they have become prohibitively expensive there. After that, on the advice of knowledgeable craftsmen, I buy only from trusted sellers on Aliexpress. Replacing the LED backlights of TV matrices is not very difficult, you can see how I do it in.
Replacing LEDs using a stove table is described
I attach a list of LEDs that I bought below.
| Photo | Name | Purchase link |
| LEDs 2 W 6 volts on LG size 3535 (large anode pad (+)) | ||
 |
LEDs 6 volts on LG 1 W size 7030 | |
 |
LEDs 3 volts on LG 0.5 W size 7020 | |
 |
LEDs 3 volts on LG size 3528 (large anode pad (+)) | |
| LEDs 3 volts on Samsung 1 W size 3537 | ||
| LEDs 3 volts on Samsung size 7032 | ||
 |
LEDs 3 volts on Samsung 0.5 W size 5630 | |
 |
LEDs 3535 2 watts 6 volts on LG (large platform cathode (-)) |
I also wanted to ask you about the “PMS” contact, which goes from the main board to the power supply or vice versa, from the power supply to main board. Can't define his role?
I'm interested in this because I also want to turn it off. I will hang the monitor on a swivel bracket and want to power it from a standard TFX power supply from the mini case in which it will be assembled new computer for parents (with not very new components, with DDR3L memory and Intel processor 3rd generation :). Today I conducted an experiment, supplied 5V, 12V and minus from the floppy drive connector from the computer power supply. The monitor worked fine and surprisingly even turned on and off with the power button (I assumed that the PMS sends a signal to the power supply to turn off the power to the inverter or the inverter and the main board at the same time). It’s just that the monitor will hang above the bedside table and there’s not enough space there, so it’s much easier for me to power it from the power supply, especially since I built a two-phase switch into the power supply that turns off zero and phase at the same time (that is, the computer is no longer needed unplug). And if you run a separate 220V cord to the monitor, then there are more wires, plus more hassle with turning it on/off, and the efficiency of the power supply will be slightly lower (the total energy consumption when powered from the computer power supply will decrease by ~5-10 watts). Power supply with "GOLD" certificate, Sea Sonic Electronics SSP-300TGS Active PFC 300W. Therefore, I need to know what the “PMS” signal does, wouldn’t its absence on the monitor’s power supply be critical?
I also conducted an experiment with "PMS" today. 2.794 volts are supplied to this contact and only when the monitor is running. If the monitor goes to sleep or is turned off via the button on the front panel, then “PMS” immediately drops to zero. It also turned out that the first coil produces 5 volts 1.5 amperes, and the second produces simultaneously 12 volts 1.2 amperes (to power the main board) and 12 volts 3 amperes (to power the inverter). That is, whenever the monitor is turned off or asleep, 12 volts disappear from both lines, and 5 volts are supplied all the time while the monitor is plugged in and the main switch supplies 220 volts to the power supply (apparently 5 volts also goes as power to the main board and at the same time they are needed to wake up the monitor from standby mode).
So most likely “PMS” still comes from the main board to the power supply and is needed to launch a high-power coil, but I still want to know the opinion of an expert, since I judge only from practice and logical guesses.
And if possible, I have three more requests for you.
1) You cannot look at the 12 volt circuit that comes from the power supply to the main board; it’s okay that 12 volts will be supplied constantly during sleep or turning off the monitor through the button on the main panel. As I wrote above, 5 volts work constantly from the built-in power supply, but 12 volts are supplied only when the monitor is running. Just want to be sure that 12 volts will not damage the main board while sleeping or turning off the monitor.
2) In addition to power supply from system unit, I want to implement LED backlighting with adjustable brightness using a variable resistance to avoid PWM diodes at low brightness (flickering). I understand that the diodes will heat up more, the efficiency will drop (energy consumption will increase slightly), but eye health is more important. I myself don’t know how to correctly calculate which power variable resistor needs to be put in a chain. According to the manufacturer, the energy consumption of the tape is 9.6 watts per meter. The tapes are cut at a distance of 5 cm, and my matrix needs two strips of 45 cm, that is, a total of 90 cm. And according to the manufacturer (which I don’t really trust), the consumption at 12 volts is 800 milliamps per meter of tape, minus 10% = 720 milliamps. But it is better to take a resistance with a good power reserve, at least 2-3 amperes. I would also like to add an additional ordinary resistance to the circuit, so that at maximum brightness (where the variable resistance supplies power directly), not 12 volts go to the diodes, but 10.5 - 11 volts, no more. This is necessary so that the diodes do not overheat at maximum brightness, and also to increase their service life, since completely disassembling the monitor and matrix box once again is a pleasure.
If it’s not difficult, then write the number or model (I don’t know how to correctly) of the variable resistance (you need it with a handle, like a volume speaker systems, since there is a good place in the back of the monitor where it can be brought out) and by how many Ohms (even more likely kOhms) and Watt should we take the “simple” resistance, which will further reduce the voltage from 12 volts to 10-11 volts.
3) You also need to find a place in the power circuit of the main board, from where you can get 12 volts to power the LED backlight, where the power will be lost when you turn off the monitor from its power button and sleep mode. I myself can use a tester to find 12 volts, which disappear when the monitor is turned off and asleep, but I’m afraid that they suddenly pass through some kind of resistor or transistor, which can burn out from an additional load of 0.7-.08 amperes.
For several weeks now I have been assembling the most compact computer with standard components (that is, a standard power supply, standard motherboard, processor, OP memory, even the presence of a laptop DVD drive There is). I brought out the missing "RESET" button and the missing indicators, replaced the terrible blue computer operation indicator with a warm orange one, installed a switch for the DVD drive (so that it would not make unnecessary noise when turning on the computer) and the amplifier and speakers, and also attached the amplifier itself to the face and volume control. All that remained was to wait for the arrival of dust filters on the case and power supply and a 6-pin connector to remove the speakers from the case and indicate their operation. I plan to screw the speakers to the bottom of the monitor case, and display the indication of their operation on the bottom of the case of the speakers themselves (the lower plexiglass of both will glow during operation). I was already glad that there was a little hemorrhoids left before the assembly of this Frankenstein was completed, and then they called me and said that the monitor had stopped working. It was a strong ambush :(
That’s why I want to do everything as reliably as possible, so that it works for a long time and doesn’t cause any more trouble for at least 10 years o_O.
P.S.
Sorry for the abundance of questions, I’m just afraid of unknowingly burning the main board of the monitor. Considering that this model has not been produced for more than 10 years (and as I already wrote, there are no alternatives to it; of the modern ones, there are only two models based on IPS matrices, they have been making it on VA for a long time, especially on PVA), and it is almost impossible to buy the same used one in good condition (in Moscow and St. Petersburg they occasionally appear on sale). But if you buy it remotely, you will get darkening or scratches on the matrix, as well as broken or burnt-out pixels. When I bought the second 2190UXp through Avito, the seller from St. Petersburg assured me that the matrix was ideal, and when the monitor arrived, it turned out that the lamps had gone to zero (apparently that’s why I sold it, so that they wouldn’t completely fail) and as a bonus on top, I got two dead pixels(fortunately, at least the pixels are not in the center of the screen and on the VA matrix they are not so noticeable, parents do not notice them at all).
Models of LED-backlit TVs dominate the market and deservedly so. In this article we will look at the types of LED backlights on modern TVs and evaluate their effectiveness.
LED TVs
Let's start with the fact that LED TV is not a new type of HDTV . Unlike plasma and OLED TVs, which are made on the basis of emitting technologies, where each pixel is a separate light source, in liquid crystal models, each pixel of the LCD matrix requires lighting (from behind or from the side through a lens system). So LED HDTV models are the same liquid crystal (LCD or LCD) TVs, but they have a built-in light-emitting diode (LED) backlight, which replaces the standard one fluorescent lamps cold cathode (abbreviated CCFL).
2 types of LED backlight according to design: matrix and side
LED backlighting with local dimming. First, televisions with LED backlight, used to illuminate the cells of the LCD matrix " full array"(full array) of LEDs, similar to standard TVs based on backlighting using CCFL lamps. But to change the thickness of TVs downward, the developers abandoned the use of a full array of LEDs behind the screen, installing lines of light sources on the side of the LCD panel. Thus, the distribution of light from LED sources over the entire screen area is carried out using specially shaped LEDs. These LCD TV models are called TV with side or regional LED backlight, which still dominate today.
LED lighting with local dimming system allows you to automatically reduce the brightness or completely turn off individual groups of backlight sources. Most modern LCD TVs with LED backlighting are equipped with a full array of LED sources placed behind the LCD panel. dynamic backlight technology also called local or local dimming. Using local dimming, specific areas of the overall backlight LED array become darker or lighter depending on the brightness and color of the corresponding part of the image on the screen.
Dimmable specific area The screen can reduce the amount of light that passes through the closed pixels of the LCD panel, which has a positive effect on the transmission of black color, which becomes darker and very realistic. Because black levels are critical to contrast, the perception of depth on black surfaces, full-color images become more vibrant and clear. Local dimming technology has the only drawback - the effect of local dimming, which is formed when part of the light from brighter zones leaks into neighboring darker ones, which subsequently lightens the dark color at the border. It is quite difficult to notice the clouding effect on most models, since the disadvantage is directly related to the number of local dimming zones behind the screen, and manufacturers do not always provide such information.
When using standard backlighting using CCFL lamps and in most LCD TVs with edge LED backlighting, all backlight sources brighten or dim at the same time (the so-called " global dimming"), but among the models Samsung TVs and LG, displays with side LED backlighting are rare, which can also operate on the principle of local dimming (“precision dimming” for Samsung and “LED Plus” for LG). To put it simply, this is a local dimming sham.
Thin models with side LED backlight Of course, they suffer from uneven screen illumination, but not everyone. Main feature of TVs with side LED backlighting – slim body, in connection with this it is difficult to ensure uniform distribution of the light flux over the entire plane of the screen. When purchasing a TV, play an image of the white surface on the edge-lit LED display screen to check that there are no brighter areas around the edges of the screen. Likewise, when the screen is filled with a black field, the edges should not appear lighter (gray).
It is also worth noting that LED backlighting, regardless of the type, does not improve the viewing angles of the LCD panel. The black level drops when using LED backlighting and possibly shifting the viewing angle by 1-2 meters to the left or right.
We must not forget about the energy efficiency of LED backlighting. Of course, the consumption of any model is significantly affected by the size of the screen and the brightness of the backlight sources. LCD TV models of both types of LED backlighting are much more energy efficient compared to plasma models.
LED backlights for LCD displays are divided into categories according to the following criteria:
- glow color: white or RGB;
- lighting uniformity: static or dynamic;
- design: matrix or side (this is described in more detail above)
RGB backlighting is used to fine-tune the light spectrum. In addition, additional compensation for changes in the emission spectrum of LEDs over time is often applied. LED TVs with RGB LED backlighting light up different areas of the screen depending on the color of the picture. Colored backlighting provides enhanced contrast and deep blacks, as demonstrated by many Sony LED TVs.
Edge LED: Better Color Rendering
Sony in its new flagship TV models - for example, the W905 line - uses Triluminos technology. The LED backlight (Edge LED) built into the frame of the TV on all sides of the screen is complemented by so-called quantum dots - fragments of a semiconductor several hundred atoms in size that emit light in a strictly specified range. Triluminos technology is designed to minimize color distortion and provide enhanced red and green tones. This will allow you to achieve an extremely uniform and natural image with a significantly wider color gamut. Tests of the first devices with Triluminos support did not disappoint us: the color gamut of the Sony KDL-46W905A model is comparable to that of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) solutions and is unattainable for LED-backlit LCD TVs. The W805 and W605 series devices, which also went on sale this year, do not use Triluminos, making their cost significantly lower. In the future, manufacturers will be able to completely abandon LED backlighting in favor of quantum dots.
OLED TVs: brightness and color at their best
TVs with OLED screens have already reached stores, and developers have rushed to release new models with concave displays. Last year, LG planned to introduce a 55-inch OLED TV to the market, but it only went on sale this summer. In Russia, model 55EM9600 and its improved analogue 55EM9700 will cost the buyer 500,000 rubles. In addition, the device is sold in Europe, the USA and some other countries.
Advantages of OLED TVs: it is not a type of backlight, but a different technology
- accurate color reproduction
- greater brightness margin compared to other technologies
- high contrast compared to LCD models (another imaging technology).
- absence of an LCD matrix and LED backlight - their place was taken by a matrix made of light-emitting organic diodes.
Samsung and LG independently developed OLED TVs with concave screens (Curved OLED). This design is designed to minimize distortion at the edges of the image and increase detail. New items are still available in limited quantities in South Korea, the USA and some European countries. 55-inch Samsung model KN55S9C is priced by the manufacturer at $9,000 (300,000 rubles).
Of particular interest is also Multi-View technology, implemented in many models of OLED TVs with both flat and concave screens. Due to their extremely fast response time, such devices allow you to simultaneously show two or four programs in high definition (Full HD) or two different films in 3D format. Shutter glasses are used to separate the image. Each viewer, using controls located on the glasses, can select individual program to view. At the same time, thanks to the built-in headphones, playback of the soundtrack corresponding to the film is ensured.