What is human internal memory? A person's own internal memory. Files and folders

Memory is one of the mental functions of mental activity inherent in humans. Animals are also endowed with memory, but, unlike humans, their mental process of memorization and reproduction occurs at the reflex level and is assessed by their ability to learn (train). inner memory a person is a complex process of the psyche of perception, accumulation, preservation, grouping, extraction and reproduction of information. Another amazing property of human memory is its ability to remember not only what is seen, heard, perceived tactilely (touch, blow, burn, burning) received through the organs smell (sweet taste, rancidity, bitterness); but also to store information about thoughts and feelings. Neuroscientist Hermann Ebbinghaus, who conducted experiments on himself, identified another amazing property of human memory - the repeated use of information in the sphere of consciousness for subsequent use. Memory consists of three interconnected sequential processes. The first process is memorizing, imprinting, entering new information through all human sensory organs. The basis of this stage, undoubtedly, is attention. The American poet Robert Lowell wrote: “Attention is the material from which memory is made, and memory is the battery of human genius.” The ability to establish an associative connection between material and meaning leads to a high-quality memorization process. The process of storing material in the memory structure with simultaneous moments of processing the material is called the process of preservation. The third stage of the general process is reproduction, updating of memory elements, which can occur arbitrarily or without human effort. simple view The reproductive function of memory is recognition. An additional function of the reproductive process is recollection. Difficulties or loss of the reproductive ability of memory is called forgetting, which is essentially the opposite of memorization. For people with a logical mindset, memory is closely related to thinking. Creative individuals are distinguished by the fact that the process of memorization is based on sensory perception. If the process of reproducing information from memory goes through desire, necessity (remembering a person’s last name, formula, rule), then it is associated with will. These examples show the relationship of human memory with thinking, feelings and will. Memory is a necessary condition of human life. The ancient sages spoke about this, noting that faithful and active memory doubles life. Memorizing, storing and reproducing material from memory for the purpose of using it as personal experience plays the role of a person’s own internal memory. Adopting the life experience of other people through knowledge and skills improves a person and is included in the existing memory. Nature itself took care of man and made his memory selective. The mental process of memory subconsciously filters incoming information material depending on needs and interests. This property of memory allows you to avoid “overload”. There is another important property of memory - erasing. Rapidly incoming visual information is perceived in a combined form and is remembered as a single entity. If a person is quickly shown a number and then a square, then an overlap of new and previous information will occur, and the person will remember the number in the square. Human memory is an instrument of information that it activates depending on situational needs. In the brain, in the cerebral cortex, constantly there is a process of renewal of nerve connections, which, according to Academician I.P. Pavlova, is the basis of physiological memory.

§ 5. Information storage

Working and long-term memory

Each person stores certain information in his own memory - “in the mind”. You remember your home address, names, addresses and telephone numbers of close relatives and friends. Your memory stores addition and multiplication tables, basic spelling patterns and other knowledge acquired at school. Own ( internal) human memory can be called operational, because the information it contains is reproduced quite quickly. But this is how a person is designed that he cannot store large amounts of information in his own memory for a long time: if you do not consolidate knowledge with constant exercises, the information is very quickly forgotten. To avoid this, we use notebooks, reference books, encyclopedias and other storage media - external memory. This memory can be called long-term.

At different times, information carriers included stone, parchment, papyrus and other materials, as well as products made from them.

From ancient times to the present day, paper has remained one of the main carriers of information.

The properties of paper as an information carrier are truly unique:

paper manufacturing technology is quite simple and inexpensive;
even thin paper is strong and durable;
paper is very convenient for applying marks and drawings using multi-colored paints.

You can learn a lot of interesting information about storage media by reading the materials electronic application to the textbook.

In order for information to become the property of many people and be passed on to subsequent generations, it must be preserved. Memory is the very first tool for storing information.

There is the memory of an individual and the memory of humanity. The memory of humanity, in contrast to the memory of an individual, contains all the knowledge that people have accumulated during their existence and which can be used by people living today. This knowledge is presented in books, captured in paintings, sculptures and architectural works of great masters.

Invented in 1839, photography made it possible to preserve for posterity faces of people, landscapes, natural phenomena and other visible evidence of past times.

Man has learned to store sound information. At first, its preservation was ensured by transmission “from mouth to mouth” (for example, by chants), and later by recording notes. In 1877, the first device for recording and reproducing sound was created - the phonograph.

In 1895, the world's first motion picture was shown in Paris. Since then, humanity has gained the opportunity to preserve images embodied in movement (dance, gestures, pantomime, etc.).

A modern computer can store in its memory different kinds information: text, graphic, numerical, sound and video information.

Additional information about how information was stored in the past can be found in the electronic supplement to the textbook.

Working and long-term memory

Each person stores certain information in his own memory - “in the mind”. You remember your home address, names, addresses and telephone numbers of close relatives and friends. Your memory stores addition and multiplication tables, basic spelling patterns and other knowledge acquired at school. A person’s own (internal) memory can be called operational memory, because the information contained in it is reproduced quite quickly. But this is how a person is designed that he cannot store large amounts of information in his own memory for a long time: if you do not consolidate knowledge with constant exercises, the information is very quickly forgotten. To avoid this, we use notebooks, reference books, encyclopedias and other storage media - external memory. This memory can be called long-term.

At different times, information carriers included stone, parchment, papyrus and other materials, as well as products made from them.

From ancient times to the present day, paper has remained one of the main carriers of information.

The properties of paper as an information carrier are truly unique:

paper manufacturing technology is quite simple and inexpensive;
even thin paper is strong and durable;
paper is very convenient for applying marks and drawings using multi-colored paints.

You can learn a lot of interesting information about storage media by reading the materials in the electronic supplement to the textbook.

Files and folders

Programs and data are stored on long-term memory devices in the form of files. The contents of the file can be text, program, table, drawing, statement, etc.

The file name usually consists of two parts: the name itself and the extension. The actual name of the file is created by the person who creates it. It is recommended to do this meaningfully, reflecting the contents of the file in the name. The file name can contain up to 255 characters; it can use letters of the Latin and Russian alphabets, spaces and almost all other symbols available on the keyboard.

The extension is usually automatically set by the program you are working with. It tells the user and the computer what type of information is stored in the file and what program created the file. The extension almost always consists of three letters of the Latin alphabet. The extension is separated from the name by a dot.

For example, the file name schedule.txt indicates that the file may contain text information about the schedule.

Find out what rules you need to follow when naming files in the OS installed on your computer.

Each computer storage medium can store a huge number of files - tens and even hundreds of thousands. To avoid confusion, files are grouped into folders based on certain characteristics.

Each file is stored in a folder or a subfolder (a folder located within a folder). For example, let’s say there are several games stored on your computer’s hard drive. The game is a set of files. Each game is stored in a separate folder, while all folders with games can be nested in one for convenience shared folder with the name "Games".

The file storage system resembles storing a large number of books in a library (Fig. 13).

Rice. 13

For each of you, a folder has been created on your hard drive where files with your texts and drawings will be stored.

A lot of useful information you can learn from the video lecture “Files and Folders”, posted in the Unified Collection of Digital Educational Resources (sc.edu.ru).

The most important

There is the memory of an individual and the memory of humanity. Human memory can be called operational memory, because the information contained in it is reproduced quite quickly. Notebooks, reference books, encyclopedias and other external storage of information can be called long-term memory.

A storage medium is any material object used to store information.

A file is information stored in external memory computer as a single unit and designated by a name. The name of the file is chosen by the person who creates it.

To avoid confusion, files are grouped into folders based on certain characteristics.

Questions and tasks

What properties does human memory have?
How does human memory differ from the memory of humanity?
Why can information that we remember by heart be called operational? Give examples of operational information that you have.
What information do you store in your notebook? What can you call notebook from the point of view of information storage?
List the advantages and disadvantages of storing information in working and long-term memory.
Explain in your own words what a storage medium is. What storage media do you know? What media do you use most often?
In the Unified Collection of Digital Educational Resources (sc.edu.ru) find the simulator “Identification of a storage medium” (student version). Do training exercises.
IN following examples indicate the information carrier and form of presentation of information:
What is a file?
What file naming rules do you know?
Compare storing files on a computer and storing books in a library.

Computer workshop

Work 3 “Create and save files”