What is the difference between the two levels of political consciousness? How do the two levels of political consciousness differ: everyday-practical and ideological-theoretical? What is the connection? Self-test questions

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1. How does the concept of “political consciousness” differ from the concept of “political knowledge”?
2. How do the two levels of political consciousness differ: everyday-practical and ideological-theoretical? What is the connection between them?
3. What is ideology? What role does it play in political life?
4. What are the main ideas and values ​​of each of the ideologies that influenced the events of the twentieth century?
5. What does political psychology study?

1. What is called political behavior?
2. What are the motives for political behavior?
3. How do forms of political behavior differ? Give examples.
4. In what cases does protest behavior take place?
5. What are the possibilities for regulating political behavior?

Think, discuss, do

1. Remember what political parties arose in Russia at the beginning of the last century. What ideology underlies the political program of each of them? Use your history textbook to complete the assignment.

2. Russian sociologist Pitirim Sorokin wrote that during hunger, a person’s ideology is deformed in the direction of strengthening judgments, theories, beliefs, under given conditions, “approving” the use of measures that can provide food, and in the direction of weakening reflexes that prevent the satisfaction of hunger. How do you understand this idea?

3. Compare political ideology and political science. What do they have in common? What are the differences?

4. What ideological trends would you classify the following statements as?

“The greatest value conquered by the state is the value of inalienable individual rights, the sacred rights of freedom of conscience, speech, assembly, unions, movement: the inviolability of the individual in general. By this, the individual personality is opposed to the majority, state power and benefit as an equal and equivalent subject...” (V.P. Vysheslavtsev).

“The denial of historical continuity is the denial and destruction of historical reality, the unwillingness to know a living historical organism... No creative movement, no formation of new qualities can destroy and sweep away already crystallized historical values ​​and qualities” (N. A. Berdyaev).

Give reasons for your point of view.

5. Name the ideological movements known to you from the history course. Describe one of these ideologies, identify in it the common features inherent in all ideologies discussed in this paragraph.

6. Which of the following manifestations can be considered political behavior?

Peter: is constantly interested in political events and, in conversations about them, reveals the ability to explain them intelligently.

Irina: goes to meetings of the youth organization of one of the parties.

Mikhail: enjoys sports. He has repeatedly said that politics is a “dirty business”, while speaking harshly about politicians. Oksana: never participates in discussions about politics, she says that it does not interest her.

How can you explain each of the options presented? What is your attitude towards them?

7. In recent years, mass demonstrations and rallies in European countries have often been accompanied by clashes with the police; These riots left behind broken shop windows, overturned and burned cars, and piles of garbage. How to evaluate the political behavior of the participants in these speeches?

8. Compare with the statement of G. Lebon given in the text of the paragraph the following description of the crowd given by L.N. Tolstoy: “Whatever the defenders of the people’s meaning say, the crowd is a union of at least good people, but in contact only with animal, vile sides and , and expressing only the weaknesses and cruelty of human nature." What do these crowd characteristics have in common? What is the difference?

9. A sociological study of youth’s interest in political events conducted in 2005 revealed that 16.7% are “Very interested” in such events, “usually interested” - 51%, 18.3% responded that “as a rule” , not interested,” and 10.3% - “not at all interested.” 3.7% found it difficult to answer. (Lamanov I. A., Shutilin V. A. Technology of attracting youth to participate in mass political actions. - M., 2005. - pp. 15-17.)

Evaluate the research results obtained. Suggest what the results of the same study might have been if it had been conducted the year you graduated from school. Give reasons for your answer.

Work with the source

Read the arguments of a modern Russian philosopher and political scientist about ideology.

To more accurately determine the specifics and place of ideology in political consciousness, it is necessary to see its difference from another form of theoretical generalization in politics - political science. What they have in common is that both ideology and political science are systematized forms of knowledge; in both, the ability of their bearers to self-assessment and reflection plays an important role. But in political science the function of reflection predominates; it is based primarily on facts; in ideology the orientation function predominates, the value aspect prevails, it expresses, first of all, interests.

Any political document contains principles and terms of an ideological order that are not amenable to empirical verification and logical justification, as required by the treatment of elements of scientific knowledge: “general welfare”, “human rights”, “shared ideal of freedom, equality and fraternity”, “ social state”, “equality of opportunity”.

In world political science there are... very critical judgments about ideology, caused by the absence in it of a clear boundary between verifiable (experimentally confirmed - Ed.) and unverifiable knowledge, between knowledge and attitude, truths and values, the clouding of ideological consciousness by the presence of human interests and preferences. Many modern political scientists view ideology as a purely value-based form of consciousness...

Demidov A.I. The doctrine of politics: philosophical foundations. - M., 2001. - P. 205.

Questions and assignments to the source

1. What do political science and ideology have in common?
2. What is the difference between ideology and political science?
3. What components does ideology contain?
4. How is knowledge different from attitude?
5. What is the relationship between truths and values ​​in ideology?
6. Using the example of any modern ideology, show the presence of the listed components in it.
7. What makes ideology a necessary element of political life?

Detailed solution Paragraph § 26 in social studies for 11th grade students, authors L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova 2014

Question 1. Do people always participate in political life consciously? Why are there different views on politics? Do they influence political life? psychological characteristics its participants? Who can manipulate people's consciousness and behavior?

Political beliefs are a set or system of beliefs and views on politics, economics, the structure of the state and society, on what the laws should be and what public morality should be.

Political beliefs are often closely intertwined with a person's other personal beliefs - his faith or religion, his personal morals and scale of values.

Political beliefs may or may not be reflected in specific actions aimed at protecting or realizing these beliefs, for example, voting in elections for a particular political party or movement, for a particular candidate, or participating or not participating in rallies and protest demonstrations, etc. . and so on.

Manipulation of mass consciousness is one of the methods of control big amount people (teams, communities) by creating illusions and conditions for controlling behavior. This influence is aimed at the mental structures of a person, is carried out covertly and aims to establish control over behavior, to deprive the object of manipulation of freedom of choice by changing the ideas, opinions, motives and goals of people in the direction desired by some group. Manipulation of mass consciousness is a key element of psychological operations and information warfare.

Questions and tasks for the document

Question 1: What is the positive value of expanding the amount of publicly available information?

The positive value of expanding the amount of publicly available information is to expand the knowledge of mankind. Public information gives people the right to gain comprehensive knowledge in almost any field.

Question 2: What are the negative consequences of such an expansion?

Humanity is faced with a threat of its own creation - the danger of drowning in a boundless ocean of unstructured information. Moreover, this danger is associated not only with an overabundance of information, but also with increasing entropy information space, filled with information of unequal quality, or even completely cluttered with “information garbage” or even infected with “information poison”.

Question 3. What are the difficulties of orientation in unstructured information?

Due to the large volume of similar data, it is difficult to choose what is really needed.

Question 4. How should we understand the words about the entropy of the information space?

Information entropy is a measure of uncertainty or unpredictability of information, the uncertainty of the appearance of any symbol of the primary alphabet. In the absence of information losses, it is numerically equal to the amount of information per symbol of the transmitted message.

Question 5. Why do you think many people prefer to use “familiar sources of political information”?

The usual ones are television, radio and the Internet, newspapers. They are the most convenient to use.

SELF-TEST QUESTIONS

Question 1. What is the essence of the difference between the concept of “political consciousness” and the concept of “political knowledge”?

Political consciousness is one of the forms of social consciousness. These are the thoughts and experiences of a participant in the political process regarding this process itself and their own role in it. Political life, the activities of political institutions, political events and political decisions are perceived differently by social communities - classes, nations, social groups, as well as individuals. All political phenomena are reflected in ideas about politics, experiences, and mental operations.

The concept of “political consciousness” is not identical to the concept of “political knowledge”. This is not only an image of political reality in people’s heads, but also their attitude towards this reality. This is the subjective internal attitude of people to the objective political conditions and forms of their activities, their functions and roles in political life, and an interested, biased attitude. It is based on the positive or negative meaning (practical value, relevance) of political relations, institutions, norms, events for participants in the political process. Political consciousness is formed in different ways and specifically reflects the world at two levels - everyday-practical and ideological-theoretical.

Question 2. How do the two levels of political consciousness differ: everyday-practical and ideological-theoretical? What is the connection between them?

Everyday political consciousness is formed spontaneously in all people, in Everyday life, in practical activities. By interacting with various political institutions, social forces, being drawn into political processes, experiencing political events, people learn about the world of politics, they form an attitude towards political phenomena, political figures, and develop practical experience, ideas, emotions, and habits. What is directly observed, what is, as it were, on the surface of political life is reflected in people’s consciousness. Political psychology occupies a significant place in everyday consciousness. These are political feelings, experiences, moods, opinions, value orientations and value judgments, which manifest the emotional perception of political life, the role of a given individual in it, certain group of people.

Ideological-theoretical consciousness, in contrast to everyday consciousness, goes beyond the visually perceived, reflects the essential factors and trends of political life, internal natural connections in the system of concepts, generalizing conclusions, and political ideas. If everyday consciousness arises spontaneously, then theoretical consciousness is the result of the qualified professional activity of scientists and ideologists. If at the everyday level consciousness is fragmentary, mosaic, blurred, and contradictory, then at the theoretical level it takes the form of a systematized scientific and theoretical explanation of political phenomena or ideological doctrines. The scientific study of politics creates the science of political science. And a system of ideas and views that expresses the fundamental interests, worldview, and ideals of any political subject (class, nation, entire society, social movement, party) is called ideology. It appears in the form of socio-political theories, program documents of political parties, slogans.

These are different levels of the same political consciousness, which are interconnected and influence each other. The everyday consciousness of individuals changes to a greater or lesser extent during the study of political science and the perception of ideology. Political consciousness as a whole determines the political behavior of each political subject.

Question 3. What is ideology? What role does it play in political life?

In modern science, political ideology is understood as a set of systematized ideas of a particular group of people, expressing and designed to protect their interests and goals with the help of political power or influencing it.

Social interests depend on the position in society of certain groups of the population. Each of them strives to create such social conditions under which its needs for spiritual and material benefits would be most fully satisfied. Since the position of certain social groups in society differs significantly, to the extent that their interests may not coincide, and are often directly opposite. Consequently, those views on society and the ways of its development, those ideas about the best social order in which the interests of various groups, cannot be the same.

And in our time, society consists of many social groups. Their interests are expressed in various ideologies. Political ideology contains the views of a given social group on political life, substantiates the group’s claims to power and its use in the interests of this group. It answers the questions: what should state power be like? What policy should it pursue? This is a system of concepts and ideas in which a certain political subject reflects political life in his consciousness, is aware of his own political positions and sees guidelines for the struggle for his interests.

Many modern researchers consider ideology as a theoretical justification for the value system of certain political subjects.

As for ideology, it is characterized by a tendency towards simplification, a partial reflection of reality, which is viewed from one angle or another. At the same time, ideology is characterized by the desire to present one side of reality as its complete picture.

A social group whose interests are served by a certain ideology is predisposed to its perception, accepts this ideology as a system of its own views on political life, on expected social change. A simplified interpretation of political life is more easily accepted by the masses than a complex system of scientific evidence, and attractive projects of social order, as well as the arguments in their defense, are accepted on faith.

Social groups, political elites, political parties, political figures participating in political life act in the direction that is set by the ideology they have adopted. A certain ideology is an essential characteristic of any political party. The party, as a rule, unites adherents of this ideology and contrasts it with the ideological positions of other political parties, conducts ideological discussions with them, and often ideological struggle.

In what form does political ideology exist? First of all, it is presented in the form of socio-political theories that provide justification for certain values ​​and ideals that underlie the proposed political course.

Important forms of embodiment of ideology are political programs that reflect the demands of social groups, political elites, political organizations, as well as speeches of party and government officials. Political programs (primarily party ones), in contrast to theoretical works, are intended directly for the needs of political activity; they reveal its goals and methods of achieving them, the immediate and subsequent tasks of the struggle for the interests of certain social groups. The goals put forward and the slogans proclaimed are based on the value guidelines inherent in a given ideology.

Political parties, as carriers of a certain ideology, use it as a means of uniting their members. People who profess the same ideology become like-minded people.

Parties also strive to widely disseminate their ideology among the population. People who have accepted the ideology of a particular party, as a rule, become its supporters, respond to the calls of this party, and vote for it in elections. Therefore, any party is fighting to introduce its ideology into the consciousness of people. Various political organizations strive to disseminate in society or a certain part of the population their assessments of the past and present, their understanding of the political situation, and their ideas about the future.

Each ideology claims to be the one that provides correct knowledge about reality, setting guidelines for political activity. Expressing the interests of certain social groups, ideology becomes a motive for political activity and plays a mobilizing role.

Ideology that reflects common national-state interests can play a special role in political life. Along with the interests of various social groups, the interests of the entire people can be identified, which will form the core of such a national ideology. In a number of democratic countries there is general agreement on the issue of core values. Such an ideology becomes a spiritual guideline that helps strengthen the integrity of society and its upward development.

Question 4. Describe each of the ideologies that influenced the events of the 20th century.

Among the many ideological and political trends, one can name the ideologies that had the greatest influence on the political development of society in the 20th century. These ideologies are liberal, conservative, socialist and fascist.

The main value of liberal ideology is personal freedom. Originated at the end of the XVII-XVIII centuries. classical liberalism interpreted individual freedom primarily as freedom of economic and entrepreneurial activity on the basis of private property. In the political field, liberalism defended democracy, the ideas of the rule of law and separation of powers, in social relations - equality of opportunity, equality before the law, in spiritual life - freedom of thought and speech.

In the middle of the 20th century. It became clear that liberals’ hopes of being able to solve social problems with the help of a market, competitive economy, protected from government intervention, were not justified. There is an adjustment of liberal ideology, the result of which is a new liberalism. Having inherited the principles of freedom, equality, fraternity, property rights, and private enterprise, neoliberalism recognizes the need for state participation in regulating economic life and pursuing a policy of social assistance in favor of the lower strata of society.

Conservative ideology has long been an opponent of liberalism. The basic principles of conservatism are traditionalism, stability, order. The natural hierarchy of human society, natural inequality, and the privileges of the upper strata are recognized. Conservative ideology focuses on the strong state power carried out by the professional political elite. In contrast to liberalism, the interests of the state, nation, and society are valued higher than the interests of the individual.

At the same time, conservatism, like liberalism, attaches fundamental importance to private property and freedom of enterprise.

Just like liberalism, under the influence of the changes that took place in the 20th century, conservative ideology changed, moving closer to the liberal one. Neoconservatism is characterized by respect for the freedom of the individual and recognizes the need, albeit limited, for state regulation of the economy. Attention is focused on a person’s responsibilities, personal initiative, and personal opportunities that everyone should use without counting on social assistance from the state. The state should provide free benefits only to those who really need them. The ideas of creative work, attracting workers to participate in the profits of the enterprise, and improving the quality of products are put forward. The core values ​​of conservatism include morality, religion, law, order, discipline, stability, family, nation, and power.

Socialist ideology is associated with the centuries-old dream of the skilled strata about a society of social justice. It manifested itself in utopian projects containing the ideas of the elimination of private property, the organization of social production, equality, distribution according to abilities, etc. In contrast to liberalism, based on the priority of the individual, socialist ideology attached paramount importance to the collective, or social, principle.

The most developed socialist doctrine in the 19th century. became Marxism. He argued the inevitability of the socialist revolution, the preconditions for which arise with the development of capitalism. Under capitalism, the proletariat is growing, which, having carried out a revolution and created a state of proletarian dictatorship, will build a society of social justice. The first stage of communist society will be socialism, in which public ownership will dominate, planned economy and distribution according to labor will be implemented.

On public consciousness and politics in the 20th century. The greatest influence was exerted by two currents of socialist ideology: social reformism and Leninism.

Social reformism, or social democratic ideology, arose on the basis of a revision (revision) of a number of provisions of Marxism and the rejection of the ideas of class struggle, revolution, and the dictatorship of the proletariat. Based on an analysis of the development of capitalism, the ideologists of social reformism concluded that the path to socialism lies through gradual transformations of capitalist society, through reforms. In the middle of the 20th century. These ideas were absorbed by the concept of democratic socialism, the main values ​​of which were freedom, justice, and solidarity. In the political sphere, this is the rule of law, parliamentary democracy, guarantees of individual rights. Provides government regulation market economy. Social democracy is understood as the creation of living and working conditions worthy of a person, the redistribution of income in favor of the disabled, the accessibility of the education system and spiritual values, and the improvement of the environment.

Socialism, from the point of view of social democrats, is not a specific social system, but a gradual improvement of social conditions, the establishment of social justice in public life. The social democratic parties that were in power in some countries (for example, in Germany, Sweden), having implemented their ideology in politics, significantly influenced the development of social democracy in these countries.

Leninism, or communist ideology, emphasized Marxism's idea of ​​revolutionary violence. Special attention this ideology refers to the role of the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat, led by a political party, in the reconstruction of society on the principles of equality and social justice. In the second half of the 20th century. many carriers of communist ideology in a number of countries abandoned the idea of ​​the dictatorship of the proletariat and developed mechanisms for a peaceful transition to socialism, coming closer to social democratic ideas in a number of positions. Others, radical supporters of communist orientation, remained committed to the principles of the revolutionary reorganization of society and the violent suppression of opponents of such a transformation. The experience of implementing communist ideology by the ruling parties in the USSR and a number of countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe ended in the collapse of the socio-political system created in these countries.

The ideology of fascism, in contrast to liberal, conservative and socialist ideas, arose in the 20th century. and was a reflection of the deep crises affecting various countries. Modern researchers note its inherent ideas of racial inequality and the superiority of one race over another; assessment of the personal principle as secondary in comparison with racial-ethnic; treating national minorities and political parties that defend the principles of democracy and the rule of law as internal enemies; rejection of the democratic system in favor of strong dictatorial power; justification for the political dominance of the fascist party, ensuring complete control over the individual and the entire society; the principle of Fuhrerism (leadership), meaning the unity of the state, embodied in the leader, and requiring the unconditional submission of the masses to their leader. This ideology is characterized by the encouragement of national militarism, the cult of war, which should lead to the unity of the nation.

Racism, chauvinism, violence, misanthropy, aggression - all this is to a greater or lesser extent inherent in all varieties of fascism. The features of fascist ideology were most fully embodied in German National Socialism, which justified the goal of world domination of the Aryan race. The implementation of the ideas of National Socialism led to a grave tragedy for both the people of Germany and the peoples of all of Europe.

IN modern conditions fascist ideology seeks to isolate itself from the darkest manifestations of fascism in the first half of the 20th century. But neo-fascism still preaches the cult of violence, nationalism and racism, maintaining a consistent connection with the ideology of its predecessors.

Question 5. What are the characteristic features of political psychology?

In the structure of political consciousness, political psychology plays an important role - political feelings, emotions, moods, opinions and other psychological components and aspects of the political life of society. Unlike ideology, which belongs to the theoretical level of political consciousness and is the fruit of the specialized activities of a small group of ideologists, political psychology is formed in everyday life, in the process of interaction of citizens with institutions of power, i.e. at the level of ordinary consciousness. Therefore, it is characterized as a practical type of consciousness. It represents an unsystematized, internally contradictory set of views and includes both rational and irrational, subconscious elements.

The relatively stable part of political psychology is morals, mentality, the psychological makeup of ethnic groups, common sense, and the more changeable part is moods, emotions, experiences, and expectations. All these components of political psychology influence the behavior of political subjects.

Scientists studying political psychology reveal its role in political life in a number of areas. Firstly, this is the psychology of personality in politics (including the personality of the leader). Secondly, the psychology of a small group (relationships within the group and its relations with the external environment). Thirdly, the psychology of large social groups and national-ethnic communities. Fourthly, the psychology of the masses and mass sentiments. An important area is the study of the population's perception of political information disseminated primarily through radio and television channels.

Question 6. Determine the place of the media in modern political life. What do you know about their functions? How do the media exercise their political influence?

The media are widely used to spread ideology. This is the name given to the technical means of creating, replicating and distributing information messages to a mass audience.

In modern political life, the media play an extremely important role. Their information function is to report on the most significant events, comment on them and evaluate them. The function of political socialization is to familiarize people with political values, norms, and patterns of behavior. The function of criticism and control allows citizens to analyze and evaluate the activities of government bodies. Another function is the representation of various public interests, opinions, and views on politics. The function of forming public opinion is also related to this. And the mobilization function is expressed in encouraging people to take certain political actions.

The most common media are radio, television, and the press. There is a kind of division of labor between them. When reporting a political event, radio mainly lets you know what happened. Television shows what happened. And to the question of why it happened, the most complete answer is given by the press. The ability to “come into every home”, the presence of video footage (“pictures”) on television, which creates the “effect of presence”, as well as the combination of visual and auditory images, the ease of perception of information make electronic media the most effective means of influencing people’s political consciousness and behavior. It is no coincidence that the media is called the “fourth estate”.

The emergence of the Internet has created a qualitatively new situation in the field of political communications. Thanks to him, a global news market has emerged, functioning without government control. The Internet has made it possible for each of its users to obtain the information they need. Politics has become more open. The interactive nature of the Internet has provided new opportunities for citizens to express their needs and to participate in the discussion of socio-political problems that concern them. At the same time, the Internet creates a danger of manipulation by consumers of network information, since it contains a huge flow of unverified, unreliable materials.

Practical experience shows that the media can contribute to the development of democracy and the conscious participation of citizens in political life, but can also be used, as mentioned above, for political manipulation. This is the name for the hidden control of people’s political consciousness and behavior in order to direct them in the direction desired by certain social forces.

The political influence of the media is exercised by influencing both the mind and feelings of a person. Along with truthful information, half-truths are often presented in propaganda, and depending on the nature of the political organization conducting the propaganda, falsifications are also used - manipulation of facts, disinformation.

TASKS

Question 1. Remember what political parties arose in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. What ideology underlay the political program of each of them?

1. In 1901, the party of social revolutionaries (SRs) took shape, who considered themselves the heirs of the populists. Ideology: socialization of the earth, overthrow of the autocracy. They intended to rely on the popular masses and carried out their agitation. The means are individual terror.

2. Social Democrats. This movement was based on Marxist teachings.

Minimum program: the overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic republic, universal suffrage, broad local self-government and the right of nations to self-determination, an 8-hour working day, the return to the peasants of their allotment cut off in 1861 and the abolition of redemption payments. Maximum program: establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat (the rest is the same as the minimum). Due to differences in views, it split into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks, respectively.

3. Black Hundred movement: the main organizing force is the noble landowners. They were on the side of the autocracy, “all the troubles of great and mighty Russia come from revolutionary intellectuals and foreigners...”

4. "Union of October 17" or Octobrists. This party was satisfied with the October 17 manifesto and advocated an end to the revolution.

Question 2. What do you think the Polish writer B. Cesko meant in the following argument: “Big politics will sooner or later overtake you. But try so that she doesn’t catch you in your underwear”? What material in the paragraph will help answer the question posed?

All politicians are caught sooner or later for something, regardless of whether they did something or not, because if they didn’t, then they may simply be disliked by someone, but you need to be prepared for this so that you are not caught by surprise .

Question 3. The Law “On the Mass Media,” which gives broad rights to journalists, also states that the abuse of these rights is inadmissible, in particular their use for the purpose of concealing or falsifying socially significant information, or spreading rumors under the guise of reliable reports. Explain the meaning of this legal provision.

This is done to ensure that the information received is not concealed by journalists for the purpose of possible blackmail of these people, and to prevent the spread of unconfirmed rumors and gossip at the official level.

Question 4. In 2010, a sociological study was conducted on the question: “Do you have an idea in which direction our country is moving, what goals are set for it by the current leadership?” 15% of respondents answered: “Quite a clear idea”, 43% said: “Quite a vague idea”, and 23% of respondents answered: “No idea at all.” At the same time, 7% found it difficult to answer, and 12% said that things in the country were left to chance. What conclusions can you draw about the political consciousness of citizens from the data provided? How can we explain the results obtained? Give reasons for your position.

Low political self-awareness. This is due to the population’s distrust of the political forces of our country.

Question 5. How do you understand the words of the famous Russian scientist P. L. Kapitsa: “The media are no less dangerous than means of mass destruction”?

The importance and role of the media in the life of society and the functioning of the state cannot be overestimated. The main task of the media is to inform people on various issues of the life of the state and society, which is due to the need to ensure the sustainability of power. Taking this into account, the media, by influencing the consciousness of people, strive to form in them certain attitudes, assessments and judgments in order to create a positive stereotype of law-abiding behavior of citizens, developing a desire to comply with the rules of law and respect the law.